基于时差相关分析和模糊神经网络的白洋淀流域水环境承载力评价预警

为实现水环境承载力评价和预警,运用耦合DPSR模型和时差分析方法构建了白洋淀流域水环境承载力监测预警指标体系,并结合神经网络与模糊数学构建了T-S模糊神经网络模型,根据控制图法确定了监测预警指标阈值,解决了水环境系统的随机性和模糊性问题,最终实现了白洋淀流域水环境承载力的有效评价和预警。结果表明:1)白洋淀流域水环境承载力在2012-2015年处于较弱承载状态,在2016,2017年处于中等承载状态,现状评价等级由Ⅳ级(橙色警灯)转变为Ⅲ级(黄色警灯);2)在现状发展趋势下,2018-2035年白洋淀流域水环境承载力整体呈先上升后下降趋势,自2026年以后流域水环境整体呈恶化状态,水环境承载力逐渐从中等承载(黄色警灯)向较弱承载(橙色警灯)和弱承载状态(红色警灯)转变;3)未来区域人口的增长和雄安新区的快速发展会给白洋淀流域水环境带来巨大压力,因此可加大区域水环境保护力度,实施基于空间单元的精细化环境管控方案,推动区域经济绿色转型,促进区域水环境质量全面改善和良性发展,以提高区域可持续发展水平。     

山东半岛蓝色经济区海域生态环境综合评价

海域生态环境评价作为承载力研究的基础,在近海生态管理中得到了广泛关注. 针对海洋生态环境研究中评价指标体系简单、标准相对单一及不利于实际应用等问题,以生态系统为研究视角构建了基于环境因子和生态响应的近海生态环境综合评价指标体系与指数计量方法,根据环境因子指数和生态响应指数在交叉判断矩阵中的位置,将近海生态环境状态分为优、良、中、差和劣5个等级,并将该方法应用于山东半岛蓝色经济区海域评价. 结果表明:研究海域整体环境因子指数为0.41~0.84(平均值为0.67),生态响应指数为0.17~0.75(平均值为0.45),综合评价等级为良,但已非常接近中等级别;其生态环境问题主要表现为溶解无机氮负荷较高、重金属和浮游动物密度负荷过低. 不同海域生态环境状态存在明显差异,25个近岸海域中等级优和良的共占60%,主要分布在山东半岛东部和西南部;海域等级为中和差的各占16%,另有8%海域等级为劣. 该评价模型与方法从生态环境整体性揭示海域存在问题,可为山东半岛蓝色经济区建设提供科学依据.      

基于模糊数学和灰色理论的城市生态环境竞争力评价

在综合分析了国内外有关城市竞争力理论研究的基础上,对城市生态环境竞争力的概念和内涵进行了界定,构建了面向生态环境竞争力的评价体系,并以山东省17城市为例,采用灰色系统理论确定各指标的权重,利用模糊综合评价法对各市进行综合评价,研究结果表明,生态环境竞争力排名前三的地市为临沂(0.1894)、日照(0.1705)和烟台(0.1676),而德州(0.1191)、济南(0.1232)、枣庄(0.1274)、滨州(0.1285)和淄博(0.1289)表现相对较差,其他地市处于中游水平.分别从资源禀赋竞争力、污染物减量排放竞争力、环境治理竞争力和能耗竞争力4个子维度对典型城市进行分析,指出了存在的问题,并给出了相应的对策建议.     

太湖流域水环境承载力评价研究

构建"驱动力D(人口、社会经济发展)-压力P(水资源问题与污染排放)-状态S(水质变化)-影响I(自然生态、水土资源)-响应R(污水处理、用水普及)-管理M(绿化、投资)"(DPSIRM)评价模型,并从社会经济、水资源、水质状态、投资管理等方面选取指标,建立具有3层结构的评价指标体系.引入变异系数法进行各指标权重赋值,计算太湖流域2005~2014年的水环境承载力评价指数,获得相应评价等级.结果表明:太湖流域水环境承载力有明显好转,评价等级从2005年的Ⅲ级转变为2014年的Ⅱ级.压力指标所起作用最为显著,状态指标紧随其后,其次是驱动力指标、影响指标和响应指标,管理指标作用相对较小.10年间,驱动力子系统指数明显呈上升趋势,影响和管理子系统的指数出现波动,压力、状态和响应子系统的指数均随年份增长而呈上升趋势,压力子系统指数上升幅度最大,表明2005~2014年太湖流域水环境对工农经济发展的承载能力在增强.对水环境承载力影响程度最大的指标中,万元GDP水耗和单位工业产值废水排放量都属于压力子系统指标,表明压力子系统指标所起作用最为显著.研究表明,构建的太湖流域水环境承载力评价的DPSIRM模型具有实用性和可行性,可以为区域水环境规划与综合管理的科学决策提供依据.     

基于Balanced Score Card的滨海城市化生态风险评价

在快速城市化过程中,沿海城市经济发展迅速,导致生态环境问题日益突出。以青岛市为例,引入BalancedScoreCard(BSC)概念,从人居环境、经济发展、资源与环境、人文响应4个维度构建城市生态风险评价指标BSC模型,基于BSC模型,建立青岛生态风险评价指标体系;根据加权综合评价法,构建生态风险评价模型,评价2005~2015年青岛生态风险;通过灰色斜率关联度模型,探究影响青岛生态风险的因素。结果表明,青岛市生态风险整体呈下降趋势,从高风险下降到中等风险。生态风险的主要影响因子为:第二产业占GDP比重>建成区绿化覆盖率>第三产业占GDP比重>单位GDP能耗>每万人拥有医疗床位数>GDP增长率>工业SO_2排放量。最后,为青岛提出合理的生态风险管理建议。     

基于熵模型的城市水资源承载力研究——以开封市为例

城市水资源承载力是水资源对城市社会经济发展规模支撑能力的表征,是城市水安全的基本度量,它是涉及社会经济系统、水资源系统和生态环境系统的一个衡量指标。论文利用灰色系统理论、模糊集理论和最大熵原理相结合的熵模型对开封市未来预测年份水资源承载力进行评价,特别考虑了半湿润地区开封城市主要利用黄河客水资源的特点,选取了客水利用率这一评价指标。研究结果表明,2010年和2020年开封市城市发展无论在哪种预测情景方案下的水资源承载力综合评价都处于2级与3级之间,并且距离2级很近,说明水资源的开发强度很高,继续开发利用的潜力很小。研究成果可为中型城市水资源承载力评价及城市发展规划提供依据。     

基于DCSM模型的成都市河流水环境承载力综合评价

根据水污染流动"源头-转化-汇入"过程,综合衡量工业、农业、生活源污染排放对成都市主要河流的环境影响,提出"驱动力D （人口、社会经济发展）-承载源C （工业、农业、生活源污染排放）-承载状态S （污染程度）-管理M （治理污染投资）"4个子系统的DCSM模型,构建包含3层结构26个指标的成都市河流水环境承载力综合评价指标体系.采用投影寻踪模型得到各指标的影响程度,进一步建立区域水环境承载力各评价指标权重,根据最佳投影方向确定成都市主要河流2014—2018年的水环境承载力综合评价特征值,并得到相应评价等级.研究结果表明：影响程度最大的3项指标依次为：工业源COD排放强度、国考断面地表水TP平均浓度、环保投资占GDP的比重;通过对各个指标的权重分析,表明承载状态子系统和承载源子系统对综合评价结果所起作用最为显著,其次是管理子系统,驱动力子系统作用最小;通过评价等级分析,结果表明：2014—2018年成都市河流水环境承载力综合评价指数逐渐增加,评价等级从Ⅲ级（一般,2014—2016年）转变为Ⅱ级（较强,2017—2018年）,说明5年来成都市河流水环境承载力逐步增加.研究表明了基于DCSM模型的成都市河流水环境承载力综合评价结果具有实用性和可行性,可以为城市河流水环境承载力综合评价提供新的研究思路,为水环境规划与管理的科学决策提供依据.     

一种城市综合承载力双向复合动态评价方法及实证研究

随着城市的发展,其对资源、生态环境、基础设施、社会经济等各种承载的需求同步增长,单一承载力逐渐无法满足对城市发展可持续状态的综合全面评估.城市综合承载力是社会、经济、环境、资源协调作用和协调程度的具体表征.综合承载力与人口规模、社会经济活动发展带来的压力之间存在动态互动关系,只有承载力和压力维持动态平衡,才能实现城市系统的可持续发展.本文通过构建城市双向复合动态可持续评估方法,量化负向城市压力(UP)和正向城市综合承载力(UCCC)及其二者之间的复合动态关系,结合层次分析法和蒙特卡洛模拟,从经济、资源、社会三方面构建评价指标,综合考虑各影响因素的不确定性和相互作用,实现逐个单点时间城市综合承载力的概率分布模拟,进而通过复合动态关系判断模型实现单个区域单点时间的可持续发展状态的判断.最后,以广州市为例,对所提出方法进行应用.结果表明,2004—2016年,广州市的综合承载力和城市压力相互协调、相互适应,城市发展整体呈可持续状态.但2012年以来资源环境承载力有一定的下降,尤其是水资源承载力和大气环境承载力下降,需要引起重视.     

基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的福建省生态环境承载力评价及障碍因素研究

生态环境承载力是生态文明建设的基础,研究生态环境承载力对于深入实施生态文明建设具有重要意义.福建省在生态文明建设方面走在全国前列,通过研究福建省的生态环境承载力情况,有助于更好地推进福建省生态文明建设.基于DPSIR概念模型构建了福建省生态环境承载力评价指标体系,采用TOPSIS分析法和障碍度模型对福建省2000—2015年生态环境承载力状况和障碍因子进行了评价分析.结果表明:总体而言,福建省生态环境承载力综合贴近度不断上升,从2000年的0.09981上升到2015年的0.89625,表明福建省生态环境承载力水平稳步提升;从分类指标来看,驱动力、状态、影响和响应子系统评价指数均呈不同幅度的上升趋势,而压力子系统评价指数呈下降趋势,表明福建省在生态环境治理方面所做的努力是卓有成效的,生态文明建设压力相对减小;从障碍度分析来看,就分类指标而言,响应子系统承载力是影响福建省生态环境承载力的主要因素系统.就主要障碍因素而言,在研究期内,影响福建省生态环境承载力的主要障碍因素包括能源消耗弹性系数、城市环境基础设施投资、环境保护投资占GDP的比例等.基于上述结论,本研究最后提出了相应的对策措施.     

基于AHP-熵权法的水环境承载力模糊综合评价

针对水环境承载力评价存在的不确定性和模糊性问题,该研究采用层次分析法和熵权法进行组合赋权,利用模糊综合评价法对粤港澳大湾区9个城市的水环境承载力进行评价,并引入障碍度模型确定影响水环境承载力的主要障碍度因素.结果 表明:2013-2018年9个城市的水环境承载力总体呈上升趋势,但城市间的变化差异明显;9个城市水环境承载力的障碍指标差异明显,其中人均水资源量以20.7％的障碍度均值成为首要障碍度指标;通过障碍度频率分析可得9个城市的主要障碍度指标包括人均水资源量、生态用水率、万元GDP污(废)水排放量和第三产业比重,这4项指标的频率均为89％.将该方法应用于区域水环境承载力的评价,其结果可为区域水环境的管理和相关政策的制定提供依据.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.