不同磷水平下铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐的吸收和净化

通过室内培养实验,研究了富磷(+P)和缺磷(–P)环境下,铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐(As(Ⅴ))的累积和净化动力学特征,探讨了净化过程中培养介质砷形态的变化.结果表明:缺磷环境下虽然可显著提升铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐的吸收,但该环境下的高砷藻体又具较高的砷释放风险.+P和–P环境下,藻体中分别有41.5%和46.3%的胞内砷可在快速清除阶段(2h)被迅速排出.+P环境下经10μmol/L As(Ⅴ)暴露后的含砷藻体,经13d净化培养后,+P培养介质中藻体以砷酸盐释放为主,-P培养介质中则存在砷的还原和甲基化现象,这表明不同磷水平下藻体对砷的净化机理可能存在明显差异.     

镉对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的毒性效应

采用不同Cd2+浓度处理铜绿微囊藻(Microcysis aeruginosa Kutz. )和斜生栅藻[Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kutz.],研究Cd对两种淡水藻的毒性效应.结果表明,Cd2+浓度低于0.1mg/L促进斜生栅藻生长,高于0.15mg/L时才转变成抑制作用,表现为毒物的低浓度促进高浓度抑制的Hormesis效应;但铜绿微囊藻对Cd2+的毒性非常敏感,0.05mg/L Cd2+作用72h后,其生长就受到明显抑制,随着浓度的升高,抑制作用越明显;受到Cd2+的胁迫,两种藻细胞均表现为细胞膜受损,藻液可溶性蛋白质和核酸含量升高,扫描电子显微镜观察显示,藻细胞表面的絮状物随着Cd2+的升高增多,尤其是铜绿微囊藻改变更为明显;同时,氧自由基( )含量升高,过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性早期均可随Cd2+浓度的增加而上升;两种藻对Cd2+均有一定吸收作用,单位藻细胞内,斜生栅藻对Cd2+的吸收能力明显好于铜绿微囊藻.镉对这两种藻的毒性机制之一可能是通过刺激氧自由基产生以及由其引起藻细胞生理生化改变而使这两种藻受到损伤,相比铜绿微囊藻,斜生栅藻不仅对Cd2+胁迫具有较好的耐受性,且对其具有良好的吸收作用,提示斜生栅藻具有开发成水体Cd2+生物处理材料的潜质.     

镉对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的毒性效应

采用不同Cd2+浓度处理铜绿微囊藻(Microcysis aeruginosa Kutz.)和斜生栅藻[Scenedesmus obliquus(Turp.)Kutz.],研究Cd对两种淡水藻的毒性效应.结果表明,Cd2+浓度低于0.1mg/L促进斜生栅藻生长,高于0.15mg/L时才转变成抑制作用,表现为毒物的低浓度促进高浓度抑制的Hormesis效应;但铜绿微囊藻对Cd2+的毒性非常敏感,0.05mg/L Cd2+作用72h后,其生长就受到明显抑制,随着浓度的升高,抑制作用越明显;受到Cd2+的胁迫,两种藻细胞均表现为细胞膜受损,藻液可溶性蛋白质和核酸含量升高,扫描电子显微镜观察显示,藻细胞表面的絮状物随着Cd2+的升高增多,尤其是铜绿微囊藻改变更为明显;同时,氧自由基(2Oi)含量升高,过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性早期均可随Cd2+浓度的增加而上升;两种藻对Cd2+均有一定吸收作用,单位藻细胞内,斜生栅藻对Cd2+的吸收能力明显好于铜绿微囊藻.镉对这两种藻的毒性机制之一可能是通过刺激氧自由基产生以及由其引起藻细胞生理生化改变而使这两种藻受到损伤,相比铜绿微囊藻,斜生栅藻不仅对Cd2+胁迫具有较好的耐受性,且对其具有良好的吸收作用,提示斜生栅藻具有开发成水体Cd2+生物处理材料的潜质.     

营养盐及Ca~(2+)对微囊藻和栅藻生长及竞争的影响

为了解营养盐及Ca2+浓度对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长及竞争关系的影响,以M11培养基为基础,设置了不同的营养盐水平和Ca2+浓度组,进行了2种藻的单独培养试验和混合培养试验。结果表明:在单独培养试验中,2种藻在试验Ca2+浓度范围内的生长规律均为:超富营养条件>富营养条件>贫营养条件,其中铜绿微囊藻的生物量总体表现为随Ca2+浓度的升高而减少,而斜生栅藻的生物量变化规律不明显;在混合培养试验中,贫营养水平条件下,在试验Ca2+浓度范围内斜生栅藻的竞争生长能力一直强于铜绿微囊藻,而在富营养和超富营养水平条件下,低Ca2+浓度组(≤20 mg/L)铜绿微囊藻的竞争生长能力强于斜生栅藻,高Ca2+浓度组(100 mg/L)其竞争生长能力不如斜生栅藻。     

铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的氮营养动力学特征

利用批量培养试验比较研究了氮限制条件下铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aerugiuosa)和斜生栅藻(Scendesmus obliquus)对氮的生长反应,并应用Monod方程计算了2种藻的营养动力学参数(μ_max和K_s). 结果表明,ρ(氮)为0～2.00 mg/L时铜绿微囊藻比增长率快速增长;ρ(氮)为0～4.00 mg/L时斜生栅藻比增长率快速增长. 铜绿微囊藻的最大比增长率(μ_max)为0.23 d-1,半饱和常数(K_s)为0.14 mg/L;斜生栅藻的μ_max为0.41 d-1,K_s为0.24 mg/L. 根据生长动力学参数可以预测,当氮缺乏时,铜绿微囊藻容易形成优势,当氮丰富时,斜生栅藻容易形成优势.      

氮磷形态与浓度对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响

以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和斜生栅藻（Scendesmus obliquus）为研究对象,分别以硝酸钠、氯化铵和尿素为氮源,以磷酸氢二钾、甘油磷酸钠和三磷酸腺苷为磷源,配置不同浓度的氮磷培养基（氮浓度1.00,4.00,8.00mg/L,磷浓度0.20,2.00mg/L）,通过一次性培养实验研究2种藻氮、磷饥饿时对不同形态和不同浓度氮磷的生长响应.结果表明,2种藻对氮、磷的形态和浓度响应均不同,且藻种之间也有明显的响应差异.铜绿微囊藻在3种浓度硝酸钠培养下比生长速率无显著差异,而斜生栅藻的比生长速率在硝酸钠4.00mg/L时达到最高,说明1.00mg/L的硝酸钠已满足铜绿微囊藻对氮的生长需求,斜生栅藻对氮的需求高于铜绿微囊藻.铜绿微囊藻在1.00,4.00mg/L氯化铵和尿素培养下的比生长速率相同,且比生长速率和现存量均高于同浓度硝酸钠培养组,说明相比于硝酸钠,铜绿微囊藻更喜欢利用还原态的氯化铵和尿素.但当氯化铵浓度高达8.00mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻比生长速率低于相同浓度尿素和硝酸钠培养组,也低于低浓度氯化铵培养组,说明高浓度氯化铵不利于铜绿微囊藻的生长.然而,斜生栅藻在8.00mg/L氯化铵培养下比生长速率和现存量与尿素培养时无显著差异,而且均高于硝酸钠培养组,说明斜生栅藻对氯化铵的耐受能力比铜绿微囊藻高.3种形态的磷均能被铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻利用,但铜绿微囊藻用高浓度有机磷培养时的现存量更高,斜生栅藻则在高浓度无机磷培养下生长更好,说明铜绿微囊藻比斜生栅藻能更好的利用有机磷,高浓度的无机磷不利于铜绿微囊藻生长.太湖目前铵氮浓度降低显著,水体无机磷占比很低,溶解态有机磷浓度占比较高,这些都更有利于蓝藻形成优势.     

铁对太湖常见藻类生长及Ca2+、Mg2+离子吸收的影响

相对于海水来说,淡水中铁的含量较高,但铁对淡水藻类的生长和营养吸收的影响还少有人进行研究.文章选取太湖水体中三种常见藻类铜绿微囊藻、小颤藻、四尾栅藻作为试验材料,重点研究培养基中铁浓度对其生长和吸收Ca2+、Mg2+离子的影响.结果表明,高铁浓度(30 000 nmol/L)抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,但对小颤藻和四尾栅藻的...     

竞争条件下光照对两种淡水藻生长的影响

研究了铜绿微囊藻与斜生栅藻在单种和三种配比(10:1、1:1、1:10)共同培养条件下,不同的光照强度对其生长的影响,计算了不同培养体系中两种藻的磷吸收半饱和常数。结果表明:单独培养时,铜绿微囊藻在3000lx获得最大增长率,而斜生栅藻在5000lx时增值最快;共同培养时,两种藻的生长速率相对单独培养条件下均有不同程度的下降,两种藻之间存在着互相的竞争抑制作用;在10:1共培养条件下,栅藻对微囊藻的抑制作用超过了微囊藻对栅藻的抑制作用;在1:1和1:10共培养条件下,光强低于6600lx时,微囊藻对栅藻的抑制作用相对于栅藻对微囊藻的抑制作用更大。从光吸收半饱和常数看,微囊藻的光吸收的半饱和常数总是小于栅藻,可见微囊藻对光更具亲和性。总体上看,较低光照下,微囊藻的竞争能力强于栅藻,微囊藻竞争成为优势种具有较高的概率;而光照强度较大时,栅藻竞争成为优势种具较高的概率。     

氮磷比对水华蓝藻优势形成的影响

通过批量培养实验研究了不同磷水平下N/P比对铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)和斜生栅藻(绿藻)生长速率的影响,并在太湖蓝藻水华暴发期间,监测了梅梁湾和湖心区水体叶绿素a浓度和氮磷营养盐结构变化,以探讨N/P比对蓝藻优势形成的影响.结果表明, N/P比对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响并不表现在一个确定值上,而与水体氮磷的绝对浓度有关,在0.02mg/L磷浓度下,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在N/P比为4:1~32:1范围内生长速率均较低(0.067~0.074,0.018~0.022d-1),说明受到营养盐的限制;当磷浓度达到0.20mg/L时, 铜绿微囊藻在N/P比为32:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.240d-1),斜生栅藻在N/P比为64:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.380 d-1);而在磷浓度升高到2.00mg/L时,不同N/P比下铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均达到最大生长速率(0.24~0.25, 0.378~0.381d-1),说明氮磷浓度均比较充足,N/P比对生长速率已经没影响.可见,氮磷浓度比N/P比对两种藻的生长影响更大.与斜生栅藻相比,铜绿微囊藻对氮磷营养的生理需求和最大生长速率均相对较低,属K策略物种,易在低氮磷浓度下形成优势.梅梁湾在水华暴发期间氮浓度一直远低于水华较轻的湖心区,而磷浓度远高于湖心区,进而导致梅梁湾N/P质量比(低于20:1)在水华期间一直低于湖心区(124:1),低N/P比是蓝藻水华暴发导致氮浓度下降,磷浓度升高的结果.     

UV-C辐照对延滞期6种微藻生长抑制效果

藻类季节性暴发生长是许多地区水源管理中的难题,亟待研发安全高效的控藻方法。该文以我国水源6种典型藻株为研究对象,包括蓝藻铜绿微囊藻、浮游颤藻、水华鱼腥藻,绿藻普通小球藻、斜生栅藻,硅藻针杆藻,采用准平行光束仪进行50~100 m J/cm2UV-C辐照,研究对于延滞期、低初始生物量的藻类生长抑制效果,分析藻种敏感性差异。结果表明,50~100 m J/cm2UV-C剂量对于铜绿微囊藻、水华鱼腥藻和针杆藻具有2~4 d生长抑制效果,100 m J/cm2剂量组9 d后Chl a浓度减量37%~60%,对于普通小球藻和斜生栅藻仅有1~2 d生长抑制效果,100 m J/cm2剂量组9 d后Chl a浓度减量16%~33%,对于浮游颤藻无抑制效果且会加速其生长。在生长能力和光合活性两方面,硅藻(针杆藻)和蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻)的敏感性均显著高于绿藻(斜生栅藻和普通小球藻)和蓝藻浮游颤藻藻株。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.