水质自动监测系统在厦门同安湾赤潮短期预报中的应用

利用2005年同安湾水质在线自动监测系统的数据,分析了同安湾赤潮前和赤潮中的实时在线监测资料,并与相关资料进行比对。初步建立数理统计预报和经验预报两种预报模式,进行同安湾2种藻类(中肋骨条藻、旋链角毛藻)赤潮短期预报。研究结果初步表明,可提前1~3 d对同安湾的中肋骨条藻或旋链角毛藻赤潮进行预警。同安湾在线监测的赤潮预警值初步定为:溶解氧饱和度105%、叶绿素8.0μg/dm3。     

透明度作为赤潮预警监测参数的初步研究

调查实验 数据显示，在一定条件下，透明度和浮游植物密度和种类之间有着一定的关系。浮游植物密度低时透明度高，浮游植物密度高时透明度低。认为可以尝试使用透明度作为赤潮预警监测或短期预报的参数。透明度值1.6m可以作为 赤潮预警的标准值进行试点。     

探讨运用多元回归分析预报赤潮

对大亚湾澳头水域19972001年赤潮监测资料的统计分析，发现可以以潮汐、风向、天气状况和水温作为影响赤潮发生的重要因子，用参数表征各因的权重，建立多元回归方程，并绘制出赤潮生物的变化趋势图。可根据现场的生物观测资料分析，预报在生物高峰期是否将发生赤潮。该预报方法，可对陆源污染不明显，水质状况较稳定、浮游植物种群丰富的半封闭溺谷湾海水增养殖区的赤潮预报提供参考。     

北部湾海域赤潮演变趋势及防控思路

北部湾赤潮呈发生频次在增加、持续时间在变长、有害赤潮种类在增加、规模和范围在扩大、赤潮影响和危害在加大的演变趋势。文章通过分析赤潮演变趋势的主要原因,提出了北部湾赤潮防控的思路:一是加强北部湾入海流域及沿海地区污染防治和近岸海域环境保护;二是加强赤潮预警监控体系建设;三是加强赤潮科技支撑能力建设,提升赤潮科学研究能力;四是相关部门加大近岸海域环境保护和赤潮问题的关注,多方面防范赤潮危害。     

大气气溶胶中铁的酸化与东海赤潮

气溶胶中微量元素的大气输送过程对海洋初级生产力有重要意义,其中铁对海洋生物至关重要,也可能成为影响赤潮的关键因子.本文在综述了大气中酸性物质对气溶胶铁的酸化,在铁从不溶态转变为可溶态的关键过程基础上,提出了东海赤潮的发生可能与大气酸化气溶胶铁密切相关.酸化后的可溶性铁在东海赤潮区下沉可能与沿岸洋流从冬、夏季环流转换提供水动力条件共同作用.该设想将为探索赤潮灾害发生机理提供一些参考,对最终预警预报赤潮发生,降低赤潮灾害的损失,保护海洋生态环境具有重要意义.     

厦门同安湾海域赤潮期间叶绿素变化的若干典型特征

2004～2007年对厦门同安湾海域赤潮期间的叶绿素进行每隔15 min的长期、连续、自动、实时、定点监测,取得的126510组数据表明:赤潮期间叶绿素的变化形态具有很强的特征规律.赤潮的发生,从其整个发生和消亡过程的形态中可以分为对称型、不对称型、弱势型和强势型.研究这些不同的形态,对规范赤潮的监视监测、预警预报和深入研究赤潮形成的机理有重要的意义.     

中国有害赤潮信息网简介

“中国有害赤潮信息网”(ｈｔｔｐ ://ｗｗｗ .Ｃｈｉｎａ ＨＡＢ .ａｃ.ｃｎ)已于 2 0 0 0年建立。该网站的前期工作得到了中国科学院创新项目“典型海域有害赤潮生态学与海洋学研究”的资助 ,网站工作得到我国众多赤潮研究专家及各部门领导的大力支持 ,由中国科学院海洋研究所颜天副研究员和代亮工程师联合几位同事共同创立、管理。目前 ,该网站主要内容设有赤潮问答、赤潮话题、中国赤潮发生历史、主要赤潮藻种、中国赤潮研究状况、赤潮研究的全球化协作和赤潮发生动态及链接等。能通俗形象地提供赤潮基础知识和研究背景 ,深入浅出地综述…     

水质预警预报系统的研究与应用——以汉江武汉段为例

报道了水质预警预报系统的研究及在汉江武汉段的应用情况。该系统基于河流一维水质综合模型和地理信息系统理论，建立了河流空间数据库和属性数据库，考虑了污染物的迁移和生态转化过程，可实现污染物迁移扩散的常规预报、水华预警预报及突发污染事件的模拟，并利用MapObject实现了模拟结果在系统中的实时动态可视化，为河流水环境的管理和决策提供科学依据。     

厦门港赤潮发生区溶解氧的时空变化与赤潮生物和环境因子的关系

本文报道了厦门西海域1987年1～12月赤潮调查的部分结果,阐述了厦门港赤潮发生区溶解氧的时空变化及与赤潮生物数量和环境因子的关系,讨论了赤潮的监测预报方法。     

基于极限学习机回归的海水Chla浓度预测方法

有效监测海水Chl a浓度状况对近海赤潮等海洋灾害的预警预报有着重要意义。运用灰色关联分析法确定预测模型的输入变量,可有效降低预测模型系统维数。采用极限学习机回归方法建立海水Chl a浓度预测模型,通过与广义回归神经网络、支持向量机回归二种模型的预测效果进行对比,表明极限学习机回归预测模型具有较好的预测精度、预测效率和泛化能力,能够实现针对研究水域环境下Chl a浓度的有效预测。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.