循环流化床烟气悬浮脱硫技术中试及机理分析

设计了新的循环流化床烟气悬浮脱硫中试装置,其烟气处理量达3500m³/h.首先进行了进料钙硫比(Ca/S)、过饱和温度对装置脱硫效率影响实验,进一步研究了脱硫塔内固体颗粒物循环和烟气流速等因素对脱硫装置性能的影响.对比实验研究表明:在Ca/S=1.2时,固体颗粒物的循环使系统脱硫效率提高15% 左右;脱硫塔内烟气设计流速可以偏高一些.本文同时对系统脱硫过程进行了机理分析,指出了延长脱硫剂有效停留时间的途径.     

干法脱硫新工艺

介绍了干法脱硫新工艺,对烟气处理量为1500Nm^3／h的实验装置进行实验研究,通过对高密度循环流化床测试得出实验数据,经实验表明：该工艺经济性与实用性比较优越,脱硫效率达90％以上。     

NID循环半干法烟气脱硫装置脱硫效率的分析

从NID循环半干法烟气脱硫机理的基础上,推导了脱硫效率的表达式。并对主要影响因素(Ca/S,相对湿度)与脱硫效率的关系进行了回归分析,建立了数学模型,为NID循环半干法脱硫装置的设计、运行和脱硫效率的预测提供了依据。     

65t/h锅炉循环流化床烟气脱硫系统及经济技术分析

介绍 6 5t h锅炉循环流化床烟气脱硫除尘系统工实例 ,对工程成果和工程效益进行了分析。得出循环流化床烟气脱硫技术 ,不仅具有投资省、运行可靠、对SO2 浓度适应性好的优点 ,而且具有高效脱硫、以废治废等显著的环境效益。监测结果表明 :系统脱硫效率大于 90 % ,烟尘排放浓度大大低于排放标准     

脱硫除尘一体净化装置

山东省赫达股份有限公司和山东工业大学日前联合开发出烟气脱硫除尘一体净化装置。该装置采用脱硫吸收与固硫反应分体的循环系统 ,防止净化器内部阻塞 ,提高了系统运行可靠性和稳定性 ,并采用循环重复利用的封闭循环 ,无二次污染 ,可适用于 40 0ｔ/ｈ以下锅炉及工业炉窑的烟气治理。其脱硫效率为 80 %～ 95 % ,除尘效率 :层燃炉为 90 %～ 98% ,煤粉炉大于 98% ,是目前国内较为成熟、先进的脱硫除尘设备。该设备经有关企业使用证明效果很好。脱硫除尘一体净化装置     

节能型湍流管栅脱硫装置中试研究

针对现有石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫技术难以满足日趋严格的煤电行业脱硫超低排放的要求,提出了一种节能型湍流管栅高效脱硫技术的工艺。技术开发基于石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫技术,旨在提高空塔脱硫效率,降低能耗。文章阐述了该装置安装在烟气量10 000 m~3/h的中试装置上进行高效脱硫中试研究。通过不同SO_2浓度、不同液气比、不同流速、不同工况条件等的对脱硫效率影响的试验,说明节能型湍流管栅高效脱硫技术中试研究具有脱硫效率高、能耗降低的技术特点,结果表明,当SO_2入口浓度为6 050 mg/m~3,脱硫效率由空塔时的96.98%提高到99.45%,提升了2.47个百分点;湍流管栅提效装置不仅适用于低SO_2入口浓度的工况,对于中高硫分的工况同样适用;加湍流管栅提效装置后,在相同有效液气比条件下,脱硫效率与空塔相比提高1%～2%,标志着该技术已具备工程化示范的条件。     

H2O2对循环半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响分析

通过循环半干法烟气脱硫技术在某热电厂130t／h机组上的应用,分析了H2O2对循环半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响。结果表明：对于循环半干法烟气脱硫,在脱硫剂中添加少量的氧化性物质H2O2,控制H2O2水溶液浓度为1％左右增湿脱硫剂,在合适的运行条件下．当Ca／S（mol／m01）=1．1左右时,可以达到90％以上的脱硫效率。     

半干半湿法烟气脱硫净化技术研究

讨论了半干半湿法烟气处理技术的特点 ,进行了 35t h燃煤锅炉烟气处理系统脱硫效率的稳定性研究。实验内容包括出塔烟气温度、Ca S摩尔比和循环飞灰量对SO2 去除效率的影响。研究结果表明 ,在Ca S摩尔比 <1 2的条件下 ,脱硫效率可达 85 1% ;Ca S摩尔比为 1 4时 ,脱硫效率为 88 3%。在循环飞灰量和石灰比为 4∶1,Ca S摩尔比为1 15的条件下 ,SO2 的去除效率为 81 0 7% ,系统的除尘效率达 97 7%。     

石灰石-石膏湿法单塔双循环脱硫技术在中山火电厂的应用

中山火力发电有限公司2×300MW机组锅炉燃煤含硫量1.5%,原烟气中SO2含量为3800 mg/Nm3,为了满足净烟气50mg/Nm3的排放要求,本工程采用石灰石-石膏湿法单塔双循环脱硫工艺,FGD装置脱硫效率可以做到98.3%。     

循环流化床烟气脱硫装置对袋式除尘器影响的实验研究

在1台与袋式除尘器配套的循环流化床烟气脱硫系统上,通过对运行脱硫系统前后袋式除尘器的脱硫效果机理性分析。研究了循环流化床烟气脱硫装置对袋式除尘器工作稳定性、除尘效率和阻力的影响,并提出了改进措施。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.