六株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘的降解及其动力学

研究了6株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果表明,6株真菌对芘和BaP的降解速率有显著性差异,降解率相差不大.产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum,SF04),在42d内对BaP的降解能力最强,可达71.31%,对芘的降解能力相对最弱.镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.,SF11),黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger,SF05),木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)42d对芘的降解率分别为86.22%,86.18%,85.41%,85.04%,对BaP的降解率分别为71.11%,69.44%,69.05%,69.72%.木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)对芘和BaP的降解速率均很快.     

3株细菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘的降解及其动力学

研究了3株多环芳烃(PAHs)高效降解菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果表明,3株细菌对芘和BaP的降解率有显著性差异.芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.SB02)42 d对芘和BaP的降解率均最高.当土壤中芘和BaP的初始浓度为50　mg/kg时,芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp. SB02)、动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp. SB09)、黄杆菌(Flavobacterium sp. SB10)42 d对芘的降解率分别为42.69%、32.88%、25.07%, 对BaP的降解率分别为33.04%、25.39％、22.02%.3株细菌对芘和BaP的降解速率也存在显著性差异.芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp., SB02)最快,1周可降解20.88％芘和12.6%的BaP,动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp.SB09)次之,黄杆菌(Flavobacterium sp.SB10)降解速率最慢.     

基于膨润土凝胶固定镰刀菌反应器对苯酚废水的降解特性

采用新型膨润土凝胶将镰刀菌固定化,研究了镰刀菌不同固定方法处理苯酚废水的效果,考察了固定化微生物反应器间歇与连续运行处理不同苯酚浓度的降解性能.结果表明,膨润土凝胶吸附固定镰刀菌对苯酚的降解速率最大,速度常数达2.5882h-1;反应器间歇运行时,苯酚的降解率随初始苯酚浓度增加而有所下降,不同浓度的苯酚降解过程基本上遵循零级反应动力学;反应器串联连续运行条件下,停留时间为9.5h时,苯酚浓度100mg·L-1的总降解率稳定在95.5%左右.     

高效降酚菌Bacillus sp.JY01的固定化及降解特性研究

以海藻酸钠作为载体将降酚菌株Bacillussp.JY01进行固定化包埋,并通过正交实验确定了该菌株固定化细胞制备的最优条件;研究并对比了固定化细胞和游离细胞的降酚性能,研究结果表明最佳固定条件为:海藻酸钠质量分数3%菌液量:海藻酸钠水溶液体积比4:30、氯化钙含量为3%、钙化交联时间8h;固定化细胞降解苯酚的最适温度是32℃,最适pH值范围为7.0～7.5,最适条件下能高效降解质量分数为1300mg/L的苯酚溶液,固定化细胞重复利用8次苯酚降解率仍可达到96.8%,该固定化细胞降酚性能优于游离细胞。这将为该细菌进一步应用于含酚工业废水的生物处理提供可靠的控制条件。     

CMC-膨润土交联固定镰刀菌反应器对对氯苯酚废水的降解特性

采用CMC-膨润土交联方法固定镰刀菌,研究了其固定方法对4-CP废水的降解效果,考察了固定化生物反应器间歇与连续运行处理4-CP废水的降解性能.结果表明,CMC-膨润土包埋固定镰刀菌对4-CP的降解速率最大;反应器问歇运行时,4-CP的降解率随其初始浓度增加而有所下降,浓度高于50 mg·L-1的4-CP降解过程基本上...     

固定化泛菌对底泥中孔雀石绿的降解

用2%海藻酸钠对孔雀石绿高效降解菌Pantoea sp.EF192586菌株进行固定化包埋,研究固定菌对底泥中孔雀石绿的降解情况。研究结果表明:固定菌对底泥中不同浓度孔雀石绿均有降解,且0.45和0.95μg/g干重降解率更好,达80%。增加固定菌的投菌量可提高降解速率和降解率,但当投菌量增至1.5g后降解率不再增加。泥水系统中水量减少可以提高固定菌起始阶段的降解速率。当固定菌和光照联合作用时可以提高降解率。     

Isolation of marine benzo[a]pyrene-degrading Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 and proteins characterization

A bacterial strain BAP5 with a relatively high degradation ability of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was isolated from marine sediments of Xiamen Western Sea, China and identified as Ochrobactrum sp. according to 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as Biolog microbial identification system. Strain BAP5 could grow in mineral salt medium with 50 mg/L of BaP and degrade about 20% BaP after 30 d of incubation. Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was able to utilize other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (such as phenanthrene, pyrene and fluoranthene) as the sole carbon source and energy source, suggesting its potential application in PAHs bioremediation. The profile of total soluble protein from Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was also investigated. Some over- and special-expressed proteins of strain BAP5 when incubated with the presence of BaP were detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and found to be related with PAHs metabolism, DNA translation, and energy production based on peptide fingerprint analysis through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.     

异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能研究

研究了异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY的脱氮性能.结果表明,Bacillus sp. LY是1株具有脱氮能力的异养硝化细菌.在NH⁺₄-N浓度分别为40、80和120 mg/L 3种情况下,120 h反应后,氨氮的去除率分别是100%、85.7%、73.7%,总氮的去除率分别是76.6%、53.4%、64.8%,在菌液初始浓度相同的情况下,随着NH⁺₄-N浓度的增加,细菌的硝化速率以及脱氮速率呈现下降的趋势.有机物浓度是影响Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能的重要因素,低的有机物浓度会阻碍细菌脱氮性能的发挥,中的有机物浓度会促进细菌脱氮性能的发挥,使体系的脱氮效果达到最佳,高的有机物浓度并不能再次提升细菌的脱氮性能.在Bacillus sp. LY作用下,有机氮经过氨化作用生成氨氮,通过2条可能的途径转化为氮气.1条途径是氨氮先硝化生成亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐,然后反硝化生成氮气.另1条途径是氨氮被氧化生成羟胺,然后脱氢生成氧化亚氮并进一步转化为氮气.这些研究可为开发新型高效生物脱氮工艺提供参考.     

Removal of sulfamethazine antibiotics by aerobic sludge and an isolated Achromobacter sp. S-3

Removal characteristics of sulfamethazine (SMZ) by sludge and a bacterial strain using an aerobic sequence batch reactor (ASBR) were studied. Operating conditions were optimized by varying the reaction time and sludge retention time (SRT). An Achromobacter sp. (S-3) with the ability to remove SMZ was isolated from the ASBR. The effects of different operating parameters (pH and temperature) on the biodegradation of SMZ by S-3 were determined. The results indicate that, between 0.5 and 4 hr, reaction time of the ASBR had a significant effect on the SMZ removal efficiency in the system. The SMZ removal efficiency also increased from 45% to 80% when SRT was prolonged from 5 to 25 days, although longer SRT had no impact on SMZ removal. The SMZ adsorption rate decreased with increasing temperature, which fitted Freundlich isotherm well. The removal of SMZ in the ASBR was due to the combined effects of adsorption and degradation, and degradation played a leading role.     

Isolation of marine benzo[a]pyrene-degrading Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 and proteins characterization

A bacterial strain BAP5 with a relatively high degradation ability of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was isolated from marine sediments of Xiamen Western Sea, China and identified as Ochrobactrum sp. according to 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as Biolog microbial identification system. Strain BAP5 could grow in mineral salt medium with 50 mg/L of BaP and degrade about 20% BaP after 30 d of incubation. Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was able to utilize other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (such as phenanthrene, pyrene and fluoranthene) as the sole carbon source and energy source, suggesting its potential application in PAHs bioremediation. The profile of total soluble protein from Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was also investigated. Some over- and special-expressed proteins of strain BAP5 when incubated with the presence of BaP were detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and found to be related with PAHs metabolism, DNA translation, and energy production based on peptide fingerprint analysis through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.     

Rhodococcus sp. Ns对硝基苯酚的好氧生物降解

通过驯化富集培养,从红树林底泥中分离出6株硝基苯酚降解菌,其中Rhodococcus sp. Ns为对硝基苯酚（PNP）与邻硝基苯酚（ONP）的高效降解菌.在好氧条件下该菌可以耐受小于1.8 mmol/L的PNP,能够利用PNP和ONP为唯一碳源、能源和氮源生长并将其完全矿化.研究了Rhodococcus sp. Ns在不同pH、盐度与浓度范围下,PNP的降解特性并探讨了该菌降解PNP的途径.实验得出该菌在盐度<5‰、 pH>5的条件下能较快生长,1.5 mmol/L的PNP在96h内被完全降解,并检测到至少2种中间产物4-硝基儿茶酚(4-nitrocatechol)和1,2,4-苯三酚 (1,2,4-benzenetriol).红树林底泥中固有的细菌对PNP和ONP具有高效降解作用.     

Diaphorobacter sp.PDB3菌好氧反硝化脱氮特性

研究了Diaphorobactersp.PDB3菌在发酵罐内好氧反硝化特性.经过分析比较确定柠檬酸钠是好氧反硝化最佳碳源,采用响应面法对影响好氧反硝化的条件（温度、pH值、发酵罐转速、碳氮比）进行优化,构建出好氧反硝化数学模型.本模型预测值与实测值相关性非常好,预测PDB3菌发酵罐内好氧反硝化最佳条件：pH值、碳氮比、温度、转速分别为7.3、8.1、30.1℃、299.9r/min,最佳好氧反硝化比速率为2.25h^-1.验证实验表明,PDB3菌在发酵罐内好氧反硝化比速率为2.12h^-1,误差仅为5.8%.通过氮平衡分析表明,29.0%的总氮去除量转化为胞内氮,氮损失占总氮去除量的67.3%,细胞主要通过好氧反硝化作用和细胞同化作用脱氮.荧光定量PCR分析测定好氧反硝化过程中脱氮基因（napA,nirS,cnorB,nosZ）的表达水平以进一步解释脱氮特征,为Diaphorobacter sp.PDB3菌的实际应用提供一定的理论依据.     

细菌降解非离子表面活性剂的研究

从石油污染的土壤中分离到２株能利用非离子表面活性剂ＡＥＯ－９和ＳＡ－２０作为唯一碳源生长的细菌。这２株菌被定名为假单胞杆菌５２（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎｏｓ５２）和Ｗｅｅｋｓｅｌｌａ６．最适于这２株菌利用非离子表活剂ＡＥＯ－９的培养条件是乙酸胺作为氮源,ｐＨ７．３０℃添加少量葡萄糖促进表活性的降解,降解速率的研究表明,当ＡＥＯ－９的初始浓度为５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,５２号菌和６号菌能在２周内将其去除８５％,     

芽孢杆菌与假单胞菌的疏水性及其应用

根据细菌在烃-水两相体系中的细胞数量研究了芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌的表面疏水性及其在不同环境条件下的变化.试验结果显示,正辛醇-水两相体系适用于芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌这类细菌的表面疏水性的研究.细菌表面的疏水性随培养时间,温度和pH值的变化而发生改变.芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌的疏水性与其在水环境中对有机污染物的降解呈一定的相关性.疏水性大的细菌对疏水性有机物的降解速度较疏水性小的细菌快,在其表面的生长速度也更快.探讨了细菌表面的疏水性在养殖生态系统中的生态学意义,为养殖水体有机污染的生物修复提供新的理论基础.     

氧化硫硫杆菌固定化菌球制备及其耦合填料去除H2S

以海藻酸钠(SA)为包埋载体,对氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans)进行固定化制备菌球,优化菌球制备条件,在生物滤塔内验证其对H₂S的去除能力.以前期驯化获得的富含硫系恶臭降解微生物菌群的污泥为菌源进行生物滤塔填料筛选,耦合A.thiooxidans菌球和填料进行生物除臭.结果表明,优选的固定化条件为:SA浓度3.0%､吸附剂CNT､A.thiooxidans菌悬液与混合液比例20%､CaCl₂浓度4.0%､改性剂己二胺溶液,获得的菌球机械强度､传质性能､硫氧化能力最好.将A.thiooxidans菌球填装于生物滤塔,H₂S最大去除率和去除能力为70%和1.06g H₂S/m³·h.以混合挂膜方式进行填料挂膜后,在聚氨酯泡沫､活性碳布和陶粒中优选出最佳填料活性碳布,获得H₂S最大去除率和去除能力为88%和0.84g H₂S/m³·h.以混合填装方式将A.thiooxidans菌球与活性碳布填装于生物滤塔,获得H₂S最大去除率和去除能力为86%和1.00g H₂S/m³·h.     

Degradation characteristics of two Bacillus strains on the Microcystis aeruginosa

IntroductionManykindsofalgaecanleadtowaterbloomandredtideintheseas ,lakesandreservoirs .Thisphenomenoninfluencesorchangesthephysicalandchemicalcharacterofwaterandthenresultsinmanytroubleinthedrinkingwaterproductionprocess(Hargensheimer,1996;Graham ,1997;M…     

土壤中多环芳烃微生物降解能力模拟

为了揭示微生物菌种(组合)对土壤中PAHs(多环芳烃)降解率的影响以及不同类型PAHs抗微生物降解能力的差异,分析了北京市6个不同环境功能区土壤中微生物种类及其分布特征,从中筛选出部分微生物菌种对典型PAHs和原油进行降解模拟试验,对比分析微生物对不同PAHs降解能力的差异.结果表明:① 不同菌种组合对PAHs的降解能力存在明显差异,与假单胞菌属、无色杆菌、短稳杆菌混合菌相比,假单胞菌属、无色杆菌、短稳杆菌和微杆菌混合菌对PAHs的降解率高0.6%~4.5%;② 在相同降解条件下,不同PAHs的降解率存在明显差异,在单体培养基中,LMW PAHs(低环数PAHs)的降解率在25.3%以上,而HMW PAHs(高环数PAHs)的降解率都小于20.1%;③ 在单体培养基与混合培养基中PAHs的降解能力也存在一定差别,单体培养基中PAHs的降解率较混合培养基中高4.2%~26.6%;④ 无论在单体培养基中,还是混合培养基中这些化合物的降解率均存在随着降解时间的增加而增大的现象;⑤ 在原油培养基中不同PAHs的降解率更为复杂,并且出现了中低分子量PAHs降解率随降解时间增加反而降低的假象,这可能是由于随着时间增加,微生物对PAHs的降解能力加强,原油中含烷基的PAHs基团降解或HMW PAHs被微生物降解产生LMW PAHs中间产物造成.研究显示,假单胞菌属、无色杆菌、短稳杆菌和微杆菌对HMW PAHs和LMW PAHs均有明显的降解效果,但不同PAHs的降解率存在明显的差异,即使是同一单体化合物,在单体培养基、混合培养基和原油培养基三种不同的降解条件下,其降解率也具有不同程度的差别.      

Characterization of phenanthrene degradation by strain Polyporus sp. S133

Polyporus sp. S133, a fungus collected from contaminated soil, was used to degrade phenanthrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, in a mineral salt broth liquid culture. A maximal degradation rate (92%) was obtained when Polyporus sp. S133 was cultured for 30 days with agitation at 120 r/min, as compared to 44% degradation in non-agitated cultures. Furthermore, the degradation was a ected by the addition of surfactants. Tween 80 was the most suitable surfactant for the degradation of phenanthrene by Polyporus sp. S133. The degradation rate increased as the amount of Tween 80 added increased. The rate in agitated cultures was about 2 times that in non-agitated cultures. The mechanism of degradation was determined through the identification of metabolites; 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 2,2’-diphenic acid, phthalic acid, and protocatechuic acid. Several enzymes (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, laccase, 1,2-dioxygenase and 2,3-dioxygenase) produced by Polyporus sp. S133 were detected during the incubation. The highest level of activity was shown by 1,2-dioxygenase (187.4 U/L) after 20 days of culture.     

Martelella sp. AD-3强化活性污泥耐盐降解菲效能

基于嗜盐菌Martelella sp. AD-3优配市政活性污泥搭建耐盐高效降解菲的生物反应器,在3.0 %盐度,进水菲浓度20mg/L的运行条件下,菲去除率高达97 %.批次实验证明,盐度为3.0 %,pH值为7.5~8.5,底物浓度为20~200mg/L是菲降解的最佳环境条件,此时污泥比活性高于1.0mg/(gVSS×h).各共存底物的受试浓度下,酵母提取物和苯酚促进菲降解,镉和氰化物则抑制该过程,乙酸钠、铜、铬对该过程没有明显影响.16S rRNA基因高通量测序结果表明AD-3菌在反应器内具有长期稳定性,其相对丰度维持在1.5 %.Shinella、Microbacterium和Brevundimonas是反应器中的优势菌,其相对丰度分别为20.7 %,15.1 %和11.9 %.RT-qPCR结果显示接种AD-3菌后,编码PAHs双加氧酶RHDa的功能基因差异倍数从2.1提升至11.7.     

Cd2+共存时镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.HJ01)降解对氯苯酚的特性与机制

为了解Cd2+对镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.HJ01)降解对氯苯酚(4-CP)的影响,研究了Cd2共存时,浓度、pH、碳源与氮源对镰刀菌降解4-CP特性的影响,并分析了其降解动力学与机理.结果表明,在降解温度、4-CP浓度等相同时,Cd2+共存对镰刀菌降解4-CP有一定的抑制作用.Cd2浓度小于3.O mg·L-1时,随着4-CP浓度的增大,镰刀菌对4-CP的降解速率变慢.镰刀菌降解4-CP的适宜pH为4.外加碳源蔗糖(3.Og·L-1)与外加NH4Cl(3.0 g·L-1)均使镰刀菌降解4-CP速度有所减缓.在Cd2+浓度0.1 ～3.0 mg·L-1时,镰刀菌降解4-CP符合零级动力学方程.Cd2+共存时只对4-CP的降解速率产生一定的抑制作用,而对其降解途径可能无显著影响.