Isolation of marine benzo[a]pyrene-degrading Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 and proteins characterization

A bacterial strain BAP5 with a relatively high degradation ability of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was isolated from marine sediments of Xiamen Western Sea, China and identified as Ochrobactrum sp. according to 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as Biolog microbial identification system. Strain BAP5 could grow in mineral salt medium with 50 mg/L of BaP and degrade about 20% BaP after 30 d of incubation. Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was able to utilize other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (such as phenanthrene, pyrene and fluoranthene) as the sole carbon source and energy source, suggesting its potential application in PAHs bioremediation. The profile of total soluble protein from Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was also investigated. Some over- and special-expressed proteins of strain BAP5 when incubated with the presence of BaP were detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and found to be related with PAHs metabolism, DNA translation, and energy production based on peptide fingerprint analysis through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

耐冷腐殖酸吸附态PAHs降解菌筛选及其降解特性

为了寻找自然环境中高效PAHs降解菌,并应用于北方寒冷地区PAHs污染土壤修复,从沈抚灌渠冻融土壤中筛选出一株以腐殖酸(HA)吸附态PAHs为碳源和能源且生长良好的耐冷菌株,结合其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定此菌株为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.SDR4),并研究了其对冻融土壤中HA吸附态PAHs的降解性能.结果表明:Pseudomonas sp.SDR4对冻融土壤中Phe、Pyr和Ba P均具有一定的降解能力,42 d降解率分别为73.88%、64.88%和49.39%.加入HA能够提高其对Phe、Pyr和Ba P的降解率,42 d降解率分别提高15.9%、13.8%和8.6%;在降解初期加入HA可显著提高Phe、Pyr和Ba P的降解速率,第1周,降解速率分别提高37.8%、28.4%和39.1%,但在后期促进效果减弱.若要在寒冷地区选择Pseudomonas sp.SDR4作为固定化菌株,可添加HA提高其修复效果.本研究为北方寒冷地区PAHs污染土壤修复提供了新的固定化菌种.     

龙岩市区大气飘尘中多环芳烃污染现状的调查

采用恒能量同步荧光法研究了龙岩市区不同功能区冬、春季大气飘尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况和污染来源,并对不同功能区的PAHs进行了污染评价。结果表明,龙岩市区各功能区大气飘尘中PAHs总量在278.95～718.13ng/m3,且冬季高于春季。根据荧蒽与芘质量浓度比值,可判断冬春季市区内PAHs主要来源于汽车尾气和燃煤污染。采用苯并[a]芘(BaP)及苯并[a]芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)来评价3个功能区大气飘尘中PAHs的污染状况,冬季3个功能区苯并[a]芘浓度均超过国家标准(BaP,10ng/m3),且PAHs基本上均严重超标。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban soil from Beijing, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （EPA-PAHs） in the urban surface soils from Beijing were determined using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. It is significantly complementary for understanding the PAHs pollution in soil of integrated Beijing city on the basis of the information known in the outskirts. The total concentration of 16 EPA-PAH was from 0.467 to 5.470 μg/g and was described by the contour map. Compound profiles presented that the 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs were major compositions. The correlation analysis showed that PAHs have the similar source in the most sampling sites and BaP might be considered as the indicator of PAHs. Characteristic ratios of anthracene （An）/（An＋ phenanthrene （Phe））, fluoranthene （Flu）/（Flu/ pyrene （Pyr）） and benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）/laenzo[g,h,i]perylene （BghiP） indicated that the PAHs pollutants probably mainly originated from the coal combustion and it was not negligible from vehicular emission. The level of PAHs in our study area was compared with other studies.     

Role of nutrients in the utilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by halotolerant bacterial strain

A halotolerant bacterial strain VA1 isolated from marine environment was studied for its ability to utilize polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under saline condition. Anthracene and pyrene were used as representatives for the utilization of PAH by the bacterial strain. Glucose and sodium citrate were used as additional carbon sources to enhance the PAH utilization. The strain VA1 was able to utilize anthracene (73%) and pyrene (66%) without any additional substrate. In the presence of additional carbon sources (glucose/sodium citrate) the utilization of PAH was faster. PAH was utilized faster by VA1 in the presence of glucose than sodium citrate. The stain utilized 87% and 83% of anthracene and pyrene with glucose as carbon source and with sodium citrate the strain utilized 81% and 76% respectively in 4 days. Urea as an alternative source of nitrogen also enhanced the utilization of PAHs (anthracene and pyrene) by the bacterial strain up to 88% and 84% in 4 days. Sodium nitrate as nitrogen source was not able to enhance the PAH utilization rate. Phenotypic and phlyogenetic analysis proved that the PAHs utilizing halotolerant strain VA1 belongs to Ochrobactrum sp.     

南京大气气溶胶中多环芳烃源识别及污染评价

采用GC、GC-MS等方法,研究了南京市不同功能区夏、冬季大气气溶胶中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况和污染来源,并对不同功能区的PAHs进行了污染评价.结果表明,南京市各功能区气溶胶中PAHs总量在19.73～497.40ng/m³之间,且冬季高于夏季,细颗粒中含量高于粗颗粒.通过一些特征标志PAHs的比值,可判断夏季各功能区的PAHs污染主要来自于汽车尾气(主要是柴油型)的排放,冬季则为汽车尾气和燃煤污染.采用苯并(a)芘(BaP)及苯并(a)芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)来评价5个功能区气溶胶中PAHs的污染状况,夏季除交通干道超过国家标准(BaP,10ng/m³),居民区细颗粒中略超过居民区标准(BaP,5ng/m³)外,空气质量良好.而冬季各功能区PAHs基本上均严重超标.     

降解芘的分枝杆菌M11的分离鉴定和降解特性

从多环芳烃污染的土壤中分离到1株能高效降解四环芳烃芘的放线菌M11,经形态观察、生理生化和16S rDNA鉴定,属于分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium sp.).菌株M11能以菲、蒽、荧蒽和芘为唯一碳源生长,在含芘50、100和200 mg/L的无机盐液体培养基中培养16 d降解率分别达到76.9%、91.8%和79.23%.菌株M11对芘的降解具有较广泛的pH范围,在芘浓度100 mg/L,pH为5～9的液体条件下,均可生长.根据已报道的芘降解菌的双加氧酶同源序列设计引物,PCR扩增出编码双加氧酶大亚基和小亚基的基因片段,序列分析表明与已知降解芘的分枝杆菌的双加氧酶基因具有高度同源性.     

洛阳市秋冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源解析及健康风险评价

本研究于2018年10月4日至2019年1月30日在洛阳市高新和林校2个采样点位同步连续采集秋冬季PM_2.5样品,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对PM_2.5中优先控制的16种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）进行了分析测定.对优良天和污染天PM_2.5中16种PAHs的质量浓度和组成分布特征进行了研究,利用特征比值法和主成分分析法对其主要来源进行了定性解析,并使用苯并［a］芘（BaP）毒性当量法和增量终生致癌风险模型评估了对人体的健康风险.结果表明在采样期内,高新和林校两个采样点的PM_2.5中16种PAHs质量浓度变化范围分别为24.33~90.26 ng·m^-3和23.81~76.99 ng·m^-3.随着PM_2.5污染程度的加重,PAHs浓度明显升高（污染天为优良天的1.3倍）,不同环数PAHs贡献顺序均为：4环（43%~48%） > 5~6环（32%~35%） > 2~3环（20%~22%）.大气中PAHs主要来自于燃烧源,包括燃煤、生物质燃烧以及机动车排放等,其中燃煤对PAHs污染贡献最大（优良天：49.28%~56.38%,污染天：49.44%~60.60%）.BaP毒性当量浓度表明,污染天存在更高的人体健康风险;增量终生致癌风险结果表明,污染天致癌风险高于优良天,成人呼吸暴露风险高于儿童,在研究区域内不同污染水平下健康风险属于可接受水平（<1×10^-6）.     

室内空气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及影响因素分析

采集并测定了杭州市8户家庭中具有代表性的多环芳烃，测得居民室内空气中12种PAHs平均浓度为1.91-29.08μg/m^3,BaP浓度为5－19ng/m^3，污染十分严重，受季节及通风条件等的影响，室内空气中PAHs浓度变化较大，居民室内空气中萘主要来源于卫生球的挥发，其余PAHs主要来自燃烧，而BaP主要来自室内吸烟。     

Survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arterial street air of Hangzhou

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龙岩大气颗粒物中多环芳烃源识别及污染评价

采用恒能量同步荧光法,研究了龙岩市区不同功能区冬、春季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况和污染来源,并对不同功能区的PAHs含量进行了评价. 结果表明:龙岩市区各功能区大气颗粒物中ρ(PAHs)为278.95～ 718.25 ng/m3,且冬季高于春季. 根据PAHs中一些特征标志物的比值,可判断冬、春季市区内PAHs主要来源于汽车尾气和燃煤污染. 采用苯并［a］芘(BaP)及苯并［a］芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)来评价3个功能区大气颗粒物中PAHs的污染状况显示,冬季3个功能区苯并［a］芘含量(ρ(BaP))均超过国家标准(10 ng/m3),且ρ(PAHs)均严重超标.      

3株细菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘的降解及其动力学

研究了3株多环芳烃(PAHs)高效降解菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果表明,3株细菌对芘和BaP的降解率有显著性差异.芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.SB02)42 d对芘和BaP的降解率均最高.当土壤中芘和BaP的初始浓度为50　mg/kg时,芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp. SB02)、动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp. SB09)、黄杆菌(Flavobacterium sp. SB10)42 d对芘的降解率分别为42.69%、32.88%、25.07%, 对BaP的降解率分别为33.04%、25.39％、22.02%.3株细菌对芘和BaP的降解速率也存在显著性差异.芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp., SB02)最快,1周可降解20.88％芘和12.6%的BaP,动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp.SB09)次之,黄杆菌(Flavobacterium sp.SB10)降解速率最慢.     

接种混合功能细菌降低黑麦草体内菲和芘污染的机理初探

本研究通过批量降解试验,探讨了功能菌株Massilia sp. Pn2和Mycobacterium flavescens 033降解菲和芘的基本动力学过程和规律;重点采用温室盆栽试验,研究了接种混合菌株对黑麦草体内PAHs含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响.结果表明,菌株Pn2和033可以分别利用菲和芘作为碳源和能源进行生长;在30℃、pH=7.0条件下,菌株Pn2和033对100 mg·L~(-1)菲和50 mg·L~(-1)芘的降解率分别高达99.7%和98.3%,降解半衰期分别为0.34 d和0.95 d(R~20.98).与接种灭活混合菌株对比,接种混合菌株Pn2和033显著地降低了黑麦草体内菲和芘的含量和积累量(p0.05),并阻控菲和芘由黑麦草根向茎叶转移.同时,接种混合菌株Pn2和033显著地提高了黑麦草根和茎叶中POD(p0.05)活性,该酶能够促进黑麦草体内超氧自由基的清除,并保护细胞免受PAHs损伤,进而影响PAHs在黑麦草体内的代谢过程.研究结果为阐明接种混合功能菌降低植物体内PAHs污染的作用机理提供了一定的参考价值.     

废旧汽车拆解区土壤中多环芳烃垂向分布特性

研究分析了废旧汽车拆解区土壤剖面的美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃的纵向分布.结果表明,表层土壤中16种多环芳烃总含量达到了17 323 ng·g-1,其中芘(Pyr)、苯并[a]蒽(BaA)、芴(Flu)含量最高,分别达到11 820、1 234和1 083 ng·g-1.汽车拆解区表面和土壤深度为10 cm的土壤均达到了重度污染级别;深度在50~350 cm之间的土壤为轻度至中度污染,当土壤深度超过400 cm,土壤基本未受到污染.但是,7种致癌性PAHs(Chr、BaA、BbF、BkF、BaP、DahA、IcdP)总量在土壤深度达到850 cm时仍有34.15 ng·g-1.随着土壤深度的增大,多环芳烃含量急剧降低,当土壤深度超过300 cm,三环的菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fl)和二氢苊(Ace)成为优势组分.土壤剖面菲(Phe)/蒽(Ant)比值和荧蒽(Fla)/芘(Pyr)、Fluo/Pyr、BaA/(BaA+Chr)等参数表明,土壤表面的多环芳烃主要来源于石油污染.     

Biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil by Mucor sp. SF06 and Bacillus sp. SB02 co-immobilized on vermiculite

Two indigenous microorganisms, Bacillus sp. SB02 and Mucor sp. SF06, capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were co-immobilized on vermiculite by physical adsorption and used to degrade benzo[a] pyrene （BaP）. The characteristics of BaP degradation by both free and co-immobilized microorganism were then investigated and compared. The removal rate using the immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium was higher than that of the freely mobile mixed consortium. 95.3% of BaP was degraded using the co-immobilized system within 42 d, which was remarkably higher than the removal rate of that by the free strains. The optimal amount of inoculated co-immobilized system for BaP degradation was 2%. The immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium also showed better water stability than the free strains. Kinetics of BaP biodegradation by co-immobilized SF06 and SB02 were also studied. The results demonstrated that BaP degradation could be well described by a zero-order reaction rate equation when the initial BaP concentration was in the range of 10--200 mg/kg. The scanning electronic microscope （SEM） analysis showed that the co-immobilized microstructure was suitable for the growth of SF06 and SB02. The mass transmission process of co-immobilized system in soil is discussed. The results demonstrate the potential for employing the bacterial-fungal mixed consortium, co-immobilized on vermiculite, for in situ bioremediation of BaP.     

固定源排放污染物健康风险评价方法的建立

将AERMOD模型应用于健康风险评价中,建立固定源排放污染物的健康风险评价方法,直接预测污染源排放毒性污染物通过某种暴露途径引起的健康风险.以兰州市三大电厂在采暖期和非采暖期排放可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))中多环芳烃(PAHs)和其中的苯并[a]芘(Ba P)对不同年龄、不同性别的人群在呼吸暴露下的健康风险(包括致癌风险值和非致癌危险指数)为例,结合兰州市采样点处PM_(10)中PAHs的实测数据,分析三大电厂排放PM_(10)中PAHs和Ba P对人群呼吸暴露下的健康风险在采样点处的贡献率.结果表明贡献率与性别和年龄无关,与时间段和风险类别有关,非采暖期的贡献比采暖期的大,非致癌危险指数的贡献比致癌风险值的大.通过与传统方法的对比验证该方法的可靠性.该方法适用于所有固定源排放毒性污染物的健康风险评价以及环境影响评价中环境风险的评价.     

利用PUF被动采样技术研究长三角城市群大气中多环芳烃的时空分布及来源

大气是环境污染研究领域重要的介质之一,大气被动采样技术在近10年来已发展成为主动大流量采样的重要补充手段.利用聚氨酯泡沫(polyurethane foam,PUF)被动采样技术在区域尺度上对长三角城市群大气中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行监测.通过对31组采样点的研究发现,长三角城市群大气中PAHs的浓度在10.1～367 ng.m-3之间,苯并[a]芘(BaP)年平均浓度高达2.25 ng.m-3,超出GB 3095-2012规定限值两倍多.PAHs季节变化趋势为秋季>冬季>春季>夏季,秋冬季节长三角城市群大气中BaP的超标范围较大,其中冬季有明显的BaP排放.交通石油源、煤和生物质燃烧和焦炉排放源是该区域大气中PAHs的主要来源,贡献率依次为38.1%、42.4%和19.5%.     

苯并[a]芘高效降解菌筛选及其降解特性研究

为获得苯并[a]芘（BaP）污染修复的新菌株,通过梯度提高无机盐培养基（MSM）中BaP浓度的方法,本研究从北京焦化厂污染土壤中筛选出1株能够对液体中高浓度BaP（100 mg/L）降解的霉菌,鉴定结果为可可毛色二孢菌（Lasiodiplodiatheobromae）.并首次对L.theobromae在液体中降解BaP...     

六株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘的降解及其动力学

研究了6株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果表明,6株真菌对芘和BaP的降解速率有显著性差异,降解率相差不大.产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum,SF04),在42d内对BaP的降解能力最强,可达71.31%,对芘的降解能力相对最弱.镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.,SF11),黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger,SF05),木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)42d对芘的降解率分别为86.22%,86.18%,85.41%,85.04%,对BaP的降解率分别为71.11%,69.44%,69.05%,69.72%.木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)对芘和BaP的降解速率均很快.