金属载体钙钛矿型催化转化器在柴油车上的应用研究

采用催化技术对金属载体转化器进行再生的方法,通过对转化器结构尺寸的优化设计,用钙钛矿催化剂制成金属载体催化转化器,实验结果发现,能明显降低柴油机排气PM的起燃温度,约在220℃左右.催化转化器的背压能严格的控制在5kPa左右,低于其上限值20kPa,说明催化转化器耗能小,对柴油机的影响很小,催化转化器的使用时间长.     

对我国目前汽车排气净化器评价和测试方法的讨论

通过对国内外多种实用催化剂起燃温度的测定,排气中氧含量对起燃温度影响的研究,认为实用性催化剂对ＣＯ,ＨＣ的５０％转化时温度一般在２１０－２３０℃内是正常的,由于怠速条件下的排气温度和氧含量最低,因此使用怠速条件评价汽车催化转化器是不合理的,本文对目前我国汽车排气净化器检测方法和现状提出看法和建议。     

美国的汽车催化转化技术

一、前言 1974年以来,美国广泛使用催化剂降低汽车排气中一氧化碳和烃类的排放量。装有催化剂的转化器安装在汽车排气系统上,在氧化条件下(空气与燃油之比A/F>14.6),一氧化碳和烃类氧化生成二氧化碳和水。1977年加利福尼亚州开始对汽油发动机排出的氮氧化物实行催化控制,这种催化剂的作用是通过氮氧化物与氢或一氧化碳的反应,促使其还原生成氮。然而,减少氮氧化物的催化系统比较复杂。例如通用汽车公司1978年车型介绍     

汽车排气污染物催化转化初探

在氧化—还原气氛变化的条件下,试验了我院研制的QP—18型汽车排气转化催化剂的氧化活性。考查了CO浓度和起始反应温度与催化反应的关系;应用类似差热的试验方法,讨论CO,C_2H_4混合气进行氧化反应的热行为。报导了一种催化转化器的设计结构,以及QP—18型催化剂的台架试验结果,结果表明该催化剂具有国外报导的TWC(Three way catalyst)性能。     

氧化催化转化器对甲醇压燃尾气中甲醛排放的影响

在一台经过改装的压燃式发动机上,采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)模式进行了台架实验,利用气相色谱分析技术检测了1800r·min<'-1时发动机尾气中甲醛的排放特性,对比研究了负荷、甲醇掺烧比、排气温度.催化转化器对甲醛排放的影响.研究结果表明,在压燃式发动机上采用DMCC模式,低负荷运行时,尾气中甲醛含量随甲醇掺烧比的增加而增多,在甲醇掺烧比为46%时.甲醛排放量达到180 x 10<'-6(体积分数),催化后可以减少25%～45%;在中,高负荷运行时.甲醛排放量随甲醇掺烧比的变化基本不变,高负荷比中负荷运行时甲醛排放稍高.但尾气经催化处理后,甲醛排放反而增加,最高增加1倍.催化转化器的转化效果与排气温度密切相关,当排气温度在大约300°C以下时,催化转化器可以降低甲醛排放量;当温度为300°C～410°C时,催化后尾气中的甲醛排放较催化前有所增加;当排气温度高于425°C时.催化后尾气中甲醛排放显著减少.     

汽车尾气催化剂的应用现状及其市场分析

本文介绍了国际上商用催化剂存在的主要问题，探讨了我国催化剂生产企业处于困境的主要原因，并结合我国汽车拥有量的最新统计资料，以及国际上相关经济的发展，对催化转化器的市场状况进行了分析。     

同时去除柴油机排气中颗粒物和NOx的催化剂技术

文章介绍了同时去除柴油机排气中颗粒物和氮氧化物催化剂技术。这种技术的雏形是分阶段催化净化，即在排气管道中串连净化颗粒物的氧化催化剂DOC和还原氮氧化物且同时净化颗粒物的还原催化剂DRC。钙钛矿型化合物及其复合氧化物由于其特殊的结构和优异的催化性能，已成为现阶段研究的热点；同时，催化剂的抗硫中毒能力也成为目前关注的重点。最后提出今后研究的主要目标是降低PM的燃烧温度的同时并减少NOx的生成，并强调催化剂的抗硫中毒能力的提高。     

DOC催化剂配方对重型柴油机气态污染物排放的影响

基于重型柴油机台架试验,研究了氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalytic,DOC)的催化剂配方对安装了DOC+催化型颗粒捕集器(catalyzed diesel particulate filter,CDPF)后处理系统的重型柴油机排放特性的影响。结果表明:催化剂配方对发动机排气参数和经济性没有影响;较高的贵金属负载量和Pt占比能有效降低还原性污染物的起燃温度,但随着排气温度的提高,各方案转化率相差不大; CO与HC在较低排气温度下存在竞争吸附关系,因而贵金属负载量和配比对HC所呈现的规律与CO相反;较高的贵金属负载量和Pt占比能提高平衡温度下NO2的生成率,同时较高的Pd占比能提高催化剂热稳定性; CDPF具有进一步氧化NO的能力。     

甲醇柴油双燃料燃烧结合DOC/POC耦合大幅度减少发动机微粒排放的研究

对一台四缸增压中冷柴油机采用甲醇柴油双燃料模式,研究了甲醇替代率和柴油机氧化催化转化器耦合微粒催化转化器(DOC+POC)后处理装置对该发动机烟度和微粒数量、质量浓度的粒径分布特性的影响.试验结果表明,随甲醇替代率的增加,发动机烟度和微粒数浓度、质量浓度均有不同程度的降低,核态微粒浓度显著降低,聚集态微粒浓度基本保持不变.相比于DOC+POC对纯柴油发动机排气烟度25%左右的净化效率,在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下DOC+POC对排气烟度的平均净化效率在60%以上,最大达到96%,显示了该后处理技术在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下清洁排放的良好应用前景.     

汽油车排气催化转化器质量控制

按国办发［１９９８］２９号文件精神，自２０００年１月１日起，新生产的轿车要采用电子喷射装置并安装排气净化装置。为保证排气净化装置产品质量，国家环保总局制定了汽油车排气催化转化器认定技术条件（ＨＣＲＪ００７－１９９９），并于１９９９年７月１日实施。该技术条件明确规定催化转化器使用前必须经过三方面的技术鉴定合格后，才能进入市场。首先，进行快速老化试验或实车耐久性考核。对用于新车的催化转化器经过相当于８万ｋｍ的快速老化实验或８万ｋｍ实车耐久性考核后，整车ＣＯ，ＴＨＣ，ＮＯｘ的排放应满足国家标准。对用于…     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.