矿区地表水环境损害评估研究及案例应用

研究构建了矿区地表水环境损害评估的基本框架,明确了环境损害评估方法的优先序,并通过矿区典型案例对评估体系进行验证,分析了评估结论对于贴现率、贴现基准年等参数的敏感性。结论如下:矿区地表水环境损害可以分为水资源损害与水生生态系统服务功能损害两部分。由于重金属污染造成的水资源损害具有持久性,采用人工修复措施难以将其恢复至基线水平,且难以找到质量可比、价值可比的水资源进行补偿性修复,因此适于采用纯货币化的环境价值评估方法来量化损害。对于矿区地表水水生生态系统服务功能的损害,若可以找到与被损害水域具有相似生境而且没有被重金属污染的水域,可以通过补偿性修复措施提升水生生态系统服务功能,则优先采用等值分析法进行损害评估。通过敏感性分析,研究认为使用等值分析法时,采用较高的贴现率更能体现受损环境的价值。另外若采用等值分析法评估环境损害,建议采取将恢复方案纳入地方发展规划、建立修复监督实施机制和责任机制等方式,确保受损环境的恢复行动真正落实。     

海上溢油生态环境损害评估及展望

文章介绍了国内外海洋溢油生态损害评估方法。国外方法主要有经验公式法和计算机模型法,国内方法主要有“塔斯曼海”轮索赔案中的环境与生态损害评估法,影子工程法等,并对“塔斯曼海”轮的损害评估方法进行了着重研究。在对溢油损害评估模型和方法进行的展望中提出：重视海洋溢油的基础数据记录以及模型中参数的科学选取、建立适应于不同海域的溢油损害评估模型体系、积极发展三维海洋溢油动力模型、及时修订完善评估模型,还对溢油损害评估的法律建设和相关部门的协调配合提出意见。     

论环境污染损害评估机制

目前,我国环境污染损害评估存在缺乏环境污染损害评估技术导则、环境污染损害评估工作体系不健全、环境污染损害评估技术落后、法律法规不完善等问题,严重影响了污染者负担原则的有效落实。建议从构建环境污染损害评估技术方法体系、建立专业的环境污染损害评估机构、完善环境污染损害评估机制的相关立法等方面加以改善。     

环境损害鉴定评估的问题及破解路径

本文指出我国环境损害鉴定评估在法律法规、监管权利、评估技术体系、资金保障方面存在不足,同时建议建立完善的环境损害鉴定制度体系,需要以相关法律为核心,辅之以环境损害鉴定评估的管理机制、环境损害鉴定评估技术体系和环境损害赔偿的资金机制等政策体系。     

海洋溢油生态损害评估模型研究进展

近年来,中国沿海溢油事件频频发生,海洋溢油的损害评估越来越受到人们的关注。由于国内在这方面的研究起步较晚,尚未形成完善的溢油损害评估体系,海洋溢油事故所造成的生态损害往往被低估。本文着重介绍海洋溢油生态损害评估常用模型的研究进展,主要包括自然资源损害评估模型中的Type A模型、生境等价分析法以及针对中小型溢油的简易评估模型,分析了模型在实际应用中存在的一些问题,包括溢油数据库不够完善、部分损失难以量化、参数输入存在一定的主观性和不确定性以及深海溢油的适用性不高等。最后提出我国应通过借鉴国外相对成熟的评估方法,建立一套完善的适合我国国情的海洋溢油生态损害评估体系。     

某焦化厂污染场地环境损害评估案例研究

以某大型焦化厂土壤和地下水多环芳烃、苯污染损害评估为例,采用资源等值分析法分别开展场地土壤和地下水污染环境损害评估,并对评估结果的不确定性进行分析.结果表明,损害评估的数额（27.1亿元）与实际污染修复成本（20.5亿元）具有较大差异,损害评估额明显大于污染治理修复成本;社会贴现率的取值（1%~5%）选择对土壤污染损害评估结果影响最大,污染含水层厚度（3m~9m）、含水层孔隙度（0.25~0.35）、社会贴现率（1%~5%）和单位地下水修复成本（4000~5000元/m²）等因子对地下水污染环境损害评估的结果影响较大.资源等值分析的方法作为评估工业场地土壤和地下水污染理论和技术上较为可行,但需要精细化的立法和明确的技术导则来规范损害评估的内容、程序和方法.     

环境损害评估:国际制度及对中国的启示

随着全社会对资源环境稀缺性和环境价值认同的不断深入,世界各国从污染防治和生态环境保护实践中逐渐形成并健全了环境损害评估制度.环境损害评估的实践活动在科学研究层面对环境法学、环境经济学、环境科学、环境工程等相关学科的发展提出了新的挑战;在应用层面不断推动相关法律法规、技术方法、工作机制、程序导则的形成和完善.在比较分析美国、欧盟、日本等环境损害评估国际实践经验的基础上,明确了环境损害评估相关概念、内涵与范畴,系统梳理了各国相关法律法规、工作机制、技术导则、评估方法、资金来源以及沟通协调等制度内容.当前我国环境损害评估理论和实践都处于起步阶段,结合我国当前严峻的环境形势和社会经济发展阶段特征,借鉴国外先进经验,提出了我国环境损害评估的定位和发展方向,对探索适合我国国情的环境损害评估制度具有重要意义.     

CVM在中国资源环境价值评估中的应用

条件价值评估法（CVM）是获取资源环境等公共物品或服务全部价值的有效方法.我国引入CVM时间较短,仍处于应用相关理论、模仿各种评估方法的阶段,在问卷设计、情景描述、价值引导技术选择、模型应用及可靠性和有效性论证等方面缺少科学指导.本文从理论、方法及实践视角对CVM进行了系统梳理和总结,尤其补充了考虑受访者不确定性偏好的随机价值理论及价值引导技术选择问题.未来研究中,我国应加强CVM理论和方法体系的改进、进行多地区大规模调查、开展不同价值引导技术的比较研究、重视不确定性偏差的影响及结果的可靠性和有效性验证.     

溢油事故环境损害评估研究进展

海上溢油污染规模不断扩大,造成了严重的生态破坏和巨大的经济损失,国际海事组织通过了一系列公约,将环境损害赔偿提到议事日程。近年来,许多国家研究者精心设计了评估海洋环境损害的评估模型。本文对这些评估方法进行了梳理,得出溢油对海洋生态的损害评估研究主要集中于两个方面,一个是溢油事故发生后研究者利用实验研究溢油对各种海洋生物的影响,在此基础上,建立评估模型,事故发生后根据溢油的类型、数量及事故海域特征对环境的损害利用模型进行评估。另一个是利用指标生物或计算海洋的生态服务功能损失来评估溢油的环境损害程度。介绍了国内外实际应用的一些溢油评估模型和方法,最后对未来的环境损害评估研究和应用前景进行了展望。     

欧盟环境政策成本效益分析实践及启示

本研究从运行机制、评估方法框架、保障机制等方面介绍了欧盟环境政策影响评估制度概况;介绍了《哥德堡议定书》防酸化政策、欧洲清洁空气项目、荷兰地表水管理等欧盟及其成员国成本效益分析的实践案例;指出成本效益分析在欧盟政策评估中存在应用范围、使用频率、准确度和数据收集等方面的不足;基于上述研究得出欧盟环境政策成本效益分析实践对我国的启示:建立重大法规和项目的成本效益分析制度;构建以成本效益分析为核心的环境政策评估技术方法框架;启动环境政策成本效益分析实证研究;加强政策评估能力建设,完善配套保障机制.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.