初温和终温对废轮胎热解产物分布影响

以热重分析和固定床热解实验为基础,研究初温和终温对废轮胎热解产率及气相产物特性影响。实验结果表明:废轮胎的热解过程存在两个主要失重过程,第一失重温度区间为200～500℃,第二失重温度区间为650～800℃;升温速率仅改变了热解的最大失重速率,并未改变废轮胎最终热解失重率。固定床实验表明:初始温度低于100℃时,废轮胎在800℃时热解已基本结束;当终温为800℃,初始温度在100～550℃范围内时,随着初始温度的提高,固、气两相产物产率均提高,而液相产物产率降低;其中气相中H2、CO、CH4的含量高于初始温度小于100℃时的含量;分析认为:可通过调节热解的初始温度调节废轮胎热解在不同热解阶段的时间分配,适当提高热解初始温度有利于提高整个热解过程中的时间利用效率、改变废轮胎热解产物的分布;废轮胎热解气化的最佳温度区间为500～800℃。     

烟煤热解过程分子官能团的演化特征及动力学模型

煤热解机理研究对提高煤炭利用效率和减轻生态环境影响具有重要意义。利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和气相色谱-质谱分析探究煤分子结构官能团和多环芳烃(PAHs)在煤热解过程中的演化特征及热解动力学行为。结果表明：当温度<300℃时,芳香族和脂肪族官能团减少主要缘于煤结构空隙小分子基团的挥发,含氧官能团减少主要因为在该热演化过程中自缔合羟基氢键受热断裂;当温度在300～600℃区间,C—O和脂肪族分别在300,400℃时受热分解,导致芳香族、脂肪族和含氧官能团总量迅速减少。各官能团在高温阶段的活化能均高于低温阶段,·OH和C—O在整个热解阶段的动力学模型均符合二级反应模式,脂肪族官能团在25～400,400～600℃区间分别符合两相界面模型和二级反应模式,CO在25～300,300～600℃区间分别符合三级扩散和二级反应模式。     

无热载体蓄热式旋转床生活污泥热解技术研究

以无热载体蓄热式旋转床为热解装置,研究不同热解终温对生活污泥热解产物产率和产物性质的影响。结果表明:热解液随着温度升高呈先升高后降低趋势,当热解终温为550℃时,热解液产率最高,为39.05%;热解气产率与热解终温呈正比,产气率在650℃最高,为16.86%,热值为19.90 MJ/m3;热解固体产率与热解终温呈反比,当热解终温为500℃时,热解固体产率达到最大值为47.69%。试验结果可为旋转床污泥热解工业化运行提供数据支持。     

中国中小城镇生活垃圾"双解"处理技术研究

利用热重-红外光谱连用分析技术对生活垃圾中六种典型成分的热解特性进行研究,研究结果表明生活垃圾中食物残渣、木屑及纸三种生物质类组份的主要热解温度区间为150℃~600℃,热解过程中的主要挥发分为H2O、CO2、CO及含-COOH等多组分气体.PP、PVC及皮革三种人造制品的主要热解温度区间为200℃~500℃,热解过程中的主要挥发分包括CH4、CO2及CO等小分子气体等.根据热解特性研究结果,设计了一套适用于中小处理规模的生活垃圾的"双解"(热解气化+富氧分解)工艺,同时基于本工艺设计出一种新型卧式"双解炉".     

垃圾筛上物热解特性的实验研究

在小型外热式固定床热解炉实验台上,开展了垃圾筛上物在550℃至750℃范围内热解特性的实验研究,并进行系统能量的分析．得到了热解炉内不同部位物料的温度变化和不同热解终温下的热解产气速度、产气量及其它产物产量．结果表明．热解炉内各部位温度先升高后趋于稳定．产气速度在20min左右达到最大,且最大产气速度、热解液体量、产气量随终温升高而增加,残炭量则随终温升高而减少．其中750℃下热解得到产物：127.765g热解液,102．101L热解气和220．18g残炭．700℃下能量平衡分析表明：热解气和残炭的热值较高．垃圾热解产物经过处理后作为燃料应用在热解过程中可以减少外界能量的消耗．提高系统运行的经济性．     

木薯茎低温热解及产物特性研究

为探讨木薯茎低温热解特性,采用热重分析仪、固定床热解实验等对木薯茎低温热解过程进行了研究。结果表明,木薯茎热解可分为脱水、热解、炭化3个阶段;在热解终温为400~700℃范围内,木薯茎的固体产物随温度升高而持续降低,气体产物则随温度升高而不断增大,液体产率先增大后减小,在600℃木薯茎热解液体产率达到最大值45.6%;随后采用红外分析、气相色谱仪、扫描电镜等设备对热解后的液、气、固产物进行分析。结果表明,在热解终温为600℃时,木薯茎热解液的p H值低、氧含量高、热值低,其值分别为2.7~3.1、56.70%、15.3 MJ/kg,红外分析表明木薯茎热解液含较多的酚、醇、羧酸;木薯茎热解气体产物经气相色谱分析主要为CO2、CO、CH4和H2所占比例分别为61.10%、23.74%、10.03%和2.23%;木薯茎热解固体产物中挥发分较低,焦的比表面积为54.12 m2/g。     

CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气体组成的影响

利用固定床反应器,选用CaCO_3和SiO_2为添加剂,进行了生活垃圾催化热解实验研究,结果表明,CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解中的催化作用比SiO_2更加明显。为此,研究了不同CaCO_3添加量对热解可燃气产量的影响,探讨了CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解过程中的催化作用机理,重点分析了CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气中CH_4和CO的影响机理。通过对比分析生活垃圾中添加不同量CaO的热解实验结果,得出CaCO3的催化作用主要在于其分解产物CaO促进了垃圾的二次热解,以及CO_2与C的还原反应。     

含油污泥低温热解的影响因素及产物性质

 利用外热式固定床反应系统对含油污泥进行了热解实验,研究了污泥性质、热解终温及加热方式对热解产物分布的影响,并对产物性质进行了探讨.结果表明,热解液体与气体的产率随挥发分含量的升高而增大;升高热解终温可促进一次分解与二次分解反应的进行,直到500℃时液体产率达到最大值;而快速加热方式会降低固体与液体的产率;热解的液体产物是组成复杂的宽沸点油,C₅~C₂₇ 的烷烃含量高;热解气体与固体残渣分别以烃类和灰分为主.     

城市生活垃圾热解产气特性的试验研究

在外热式固定床试验台上,针对城市生活垃圾中的典型组分,进行了不同条件下的热解试验研究。试验测量不同条件下产物的产气量和产气速率,分析了热解气的组分和气体热值。分析发现,物料的挥发分、加热方式以及热解终温等对产气影响大,随温度的增加产气中H2含量逐渐增多,C2H4和C2H6的含量逐渐下降,气体热值有一个最大值。     

城市生活垃圾与松木屑共热解实验研究

以松木屑与城市生活垃圾为实验原料,在固定床反应器中进行共热解实验研究,考察松木屑添加量对城市生活垃圾热解产物产率的影响。利用GC-MS、FT-IR、气相色谱仪等仪器对热解油组成和气体产物进行了分析。结果表明:与单独生活垃圾热解相比,随着松木屑添加量的增加,热解焦产率逐渐降低,热解气和水分产率逐渐升高,而热解油先升高后降低;当松木屑添加量为40%时,热解焦的产率降低9.3%,热解油产率增加至27%,热解气组分中CO_2产量增加幅度较大,增加了16.27 mL/g,而H_2的产量为2.58 mL/g,CO的产量为4.37 mL/g,CH_4的产量为33.74 mL/g;松木屑与城市生活垃圾共热解能够降低城市生活垃圾热解油中醇类、羧酸类、醛类等有机化合物的含量,而酯类、酮类、多环芳烃和苯系物的含量则有明显增加。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.