纳米铁炭复合材料的制备及硝酸盐去除效果的研究

采用液相还原法制备纳米铁炭颗粒,探讨制备过程中搅拌速率、硼氢化钠的投加速率、加炭时间、炭铁比的影响,并对材料进行TEM、SEM、XRD、XPS表征。结果表明:制备的材料为纳米铁炭复合材料,复合材料孔隙多,比较松散,纳米铁颗粒为椭球形,能负载在层状的活性炭上,活性炭能缓解部分纳米铁颗粒的团聚现象;在炭铁比为0.4,硼氢化钠投加速率为20 m L/min,加炭时间为10 min,搅拌速率为500 r/min的最优条件下制备得到的材料,其对硝酸盐氮的去除率为94.3%。     

活性炭/纳米零价铁复合吸附剂的制备及对砷的去除应用

纳米零价铁在重金属去除领域应用前景广阔。为了大批量、低成本地制备纳米零价铁,本文采用电化学还原法在粒状活性炭表面电沉积纳米零价铁,通过X射线衍射分析对产物的结构进行了表征,并初步探讨了制备的纳米零价铁/活性炭复合吸附剂对模拟地下水中As(III)的去除效果。结果表明,通过自行设计的电沉积装置,成功地在颗粒活性炭上沉积了纳米零价铁颗粒。制备的活性炭/纳米零价铁复合吸附剂对模拟地下水中As(III)的去除效果良好。电化学沉积法制备纳米零价铁,技术可行,成本低廉,在重金属去除领域具有较大的应用潜力。     

淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu三金属复合材料降解三氯乙烯和氯仿的效能

采用液相Na BH4还原法,制备出淀粉负载纳米铁镍双金属(淀粉/ZVI-Ni)和淀粉负载纳米铁镍铜三金属复合材料(淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu),并采用XRD、SEM、BET、XRF等仪器对其性能进行表征;进而对比其与纳米零价铁(ZVI)、淀粉负载零价铁(淀粉/ZVI)对三氯乙烯和氯仿的降解效果及影响淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu降解氯代烃的因素.结果表明:通过双金属和三金属的掺杂,可有效提高复合材料对氯代烃的降解,其降解效能关系为:淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu淀粉/ZVI-Ni/淀粉/ZVIZVI.其中淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu三金属复合材料在48 h内可实现氯代烃的完全降解.由于淀粉载体的加入,使得纳米金属材料成功地负载在淀粉上,复合材料的抗氧化性增强了,降解效果也更稳定可靠.     

负载纳米零价铁复合材料去除COCs的研究进展

负载纳米零价铁及其双金属复合材料能高效降解氯代有机物,已成为国内外都颇受关注的研究热点。该文介绍了纳米零价铁在不同负载材料上的负载方法,概述了负载纳米零价铁复合材料降解氯代有机物的研究进展,包括其降解效率、机理及动力学。并讨论了p H等环境因素及零价铁含量、材料老化等内在因素对该吸附与还原脱氯过程所造成的影响。针对当前该领域在材料性能、降解和老化机理方面的不足,提出了研究展望。     

硫化纳米零价铁对PCB153的降解研究

硫化纳米零价铁(S-nZVI)是近年来兴起的一种纳米零价铁改性材料,已有研究发现其在重金属污染物去除方面具有较好的效果,而有关其对多氯联苯(PCBs)的反应活性目前尚未见报道.因此,本研究对比了采用前置硫化合成法制备的S-nZVI(S/Fe=0.103)、纳米零价铁(nZVI)和羧甲基纤维素稳定纳米零价铁(CMC-nZVI)3种纳米零价铁材料降解六氯联苯PCB153的反应动力学,研究了pH值、阴离子、腐殖酸(HA)等因素对该反应的影响,分析了反应前后材料表面性质的变化,探讨了脱氯路径和反应机理.结果表明,3种纳米零价铁材料对PCB153的降解反应符合准一级动力学,降解机理相似,降解效果依次为CMC-nZVInZVIS-nZVI.硫化改性降低了nZVI去除PCB153的反应活性,S-nZVI表面的硫铁化物并未直接参与PCB153降解反应,S-nZVI反应活性低的原因可能是硫铁化物的形成损耗了一部分Fe~0的还原能力.此外,与CMC-nZVI、nZVI不同,高pH更有利于S-nZVI对PCB153的降解,阴离子和HA对3种纳米零价铁活性的影响规律相似.研究结果可为S-nZVI在持久性有机污染物降解中的应用提供理论依据和技术支持.     

粉煤灰基多孔材料负载纳米铁的制备及其对龙胆紫的去除效果

为制备新型可再生吸附反应材料,以工业废弃物粉煤灰、棕榈壳等为主要原料,烧结制备FAP（粉煤灰基多孔材料）,并以FAP为载体负载纳米零价铁,制备FAP/nZVI（粉煤灰基纳米零价铁多孔材料）,以散失率、龙胆紫去除率、纳米零价铁负载量等为指标,确定FAP及FAP/nZVI的最佳制备条件,并考察二者对染料龙胆紫的去除特性.结果表明:① FAP的最佳制备条件为m（粉煤灰）:m（膨润土）:m（棕榈壳）=190:95:15,升温速率10℃/min,烧结温度800℃,保温时间30 min.② FAP/nZVI最佳制备条件为m（Fe）/m（FAP）1:3,振荡时间1 h,选用抗坏血酸为稳定剂,过程中无需使用惰性气体;SEM结果表明纳米零价铁被成功负载于FAP上.③ FAP/nZVI对200 mg/L龙胆紫的去除率为94.8%,FAP同条件下的去除率仅为26.2%,FAP/nZVI对龙胆紫的去除同时存在物理吸附和化学还原作用,并且纳米零价铁的还原占主导作用.④ FAP/nZVI再生10次后30 min内对100 mg/L龙胆紫去除率高达97.6%.研究显示,FAP可将纳米零价铁氧化产物Fe2+固定在表面,经还原后可再生为纳米零价铁,具有良好的再生性能.      

基于绿色合成法的纳米铁/活性碳复合材料对甲基橙的降解动力学研究

为了综合处理废水中的甲基橙,以绿茶萃取液为还原剂、活性炭为载体,采用液相还原法绿色合成了纳米铁/活性炭复合材料,研究了活性炭投放量、甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、溶液初始p H值及反应时间对甲基橙去除率的影响,探讨了不同影响因素下甲基橙的降解动力学。结果表明:甲基橙的降解反应近似符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数为0.0047~0.0158 L/(mol·min)。在纳米铁/活性炭复合材料去除甲基橙的过程中,通过纳米铁的还原和活性炭的吸附共同作用,其中纳米铁对甲基橙的降解起主要作用。     

三种零价铁对土壤中六氯联苯PCB138降解研究

采用纳米级零价铁、镍铁双金属和微米级零价铁在常温常压条件下还原降解土壤中的六氯联苯PCB138,GC-MS分析降解产物。结果表明,3种零价铁对土壤中的PCB138均有明显的降解效果。在实验条件下,随着3种零价铁投加量的增大,土壤PCB138的降解率也随之升高。反应体系初始p H值越低,3种零价铁对土壤中PCB138的降解效果越好。在20~60℃实验条件下升高温度对土壤中PCB138含量影响不大。动力学分析显示,纳米级零价铁、镍铁双金属和微米级零价铁对土壤中PCB138降解过程均符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数分别为0.015 46/h、0.019 37/h和0.009 89/h。3种零价铁粉比表面积和扫描电镜分析结果显示,纳米级零价铁和镍铁双金属的比表面积比微米级零价铁粉大600~800倍,其表面形态更利于污染物质发生还原降解反应。     

树脂基纳米零价铁复合材料的制备及其去除重金属铅Pb(Ⅱ)的性能研究

凭借着优越的还原活性,纳米零价铁在环境污染治理和修复领域应用广泛。通过将纳米零价铁(n ZVI)颗粒负载到大孔阴离子和阳离子交换树脂上,成功制备出2种树脂基纳米零价铁复合材料。研究了2种复合材料及其载体对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除性能,考察了不同载体功能基团对复合材料去除Pb(Ⅱ)性能的影响。结果表明:以大孔阴离子交换树脂为载体的D001-Fe0复合材料因具有离子交换和化学还原双重作用,对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效率高、速率快。     

负载纳米零价铁铜藻基活性炭的制备及其去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

以铜藻为原料,采用氯化锌活化法、初湿含浸法制备了负载纳米零价铁铜藻基活性炭(NZVI/SAC),并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱等方法对材料进行了分析.结果表明,纳米零价铁颗粒以50~150 nm粒径的球形形态负载在铜藻基活性炭上,且NZVI/SAC表面具有一层以铁的氧化物形态存在的核壳结构.对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除实验表明,NZVI/SAC是一种适用于高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)废水的处理材料;NZVI/SAC去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的机制是还原反应与吸附共同作用,p H4时NZVI/SAC对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除以还原作用为主,p H4时材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除主要以NZVI和SAC的吸附作用决定;当载铁量为30%、p H=2、温度为30℃时,2 g·L-1的NZVI/SAC能将100 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅵ)在10 min内快速降解,此时以还原反应为主,最终去除率达100%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.