热解条件对生物炭性质和氮、磷吸附性能的影响

以橡木为原料,在不同的热解终温、升温速率和恒温时间下制备生物炭.对生物炭产率、p H、元素组分、工业组分、比表面积、红外光谱等理化特征进行分析,并考察生物炭对水溶液体系中NO-3-N、NH+4-N、PO3-4-P的吸附性能.结果表明:生物炭的产率受热解终温影响最大(极差:54.57%),恒温时间次之(极差:1.16%),升温速率最小(极差:0.42%).随热解终温、升温速率和恒温时间的增加,所得生物炭的p H和C含量增加,而H和O含量降低.热解终温对生物炭表面官能团影响较大,升温速率和恒温时间基本无影响.生物炭对氮、磷的吸附性能主要受热解终温影响.NO-3-N的吸附量最大可达2.80 mg·g-1(600℃),且随热解终温的升高呈指数增加.比表面积、表面碱性官能团和表面金属氧化物与NO-3-N吸附有关.随热解终温的增加,NH+4-N吸附量降低,最大吸附量为3.12 mg·g-1(300℃).阳离子交换量(CEC)是影响NH+4-N吸附的主要因素.PO3-4-P吸附量随热解终温的增加呈先增后减的趋势(在500℃达到最大,为9.75 mg·g-1),且吸附过程主要受生物炭表面碱性官能团和表面金属氧化物的影响.     

蚯蚓粪便生物炭对水体中雌二醇的吸附

为寻求高效、廉价的E2(雌二醇激素)吸附剂及开拓蚯蚓粪便的资源化利用途径,将蚯蚓粪便在300、500和700 ℃下热解碳化制备生物炭(分别记为BC300、BC500和BC700),对所得生物炭的基本理化性质(包括物质组成、表面官能团、孔隙结构等)进行分析,并将其用于吸附水体中E2,考察生物炭投加量、溶液pH、反应时间及初始ρ(E2)对生物炭吸附性能的影响,并探讨了吸附机理.结果表明:随热解温度的升高,生物炭的H/C(原子比)由0.13降至0.03,O/C(原子比)由0.46降至0.02,芳香性增强,极性降低,逐渐由脂肪炭结构过渡到芳香炭结构;生物炭比表面积由24.33 m2/g增至76.29 m2/g,总孔体积由0.09 cm3/g增至0.19 cm3/g.不同热解温度下制备的生物炭对E2的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学方程,拟合系数大于0.991;Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型均能较好地描述蚯蚓粪便生物炭对E2的吸附过程,Langmuir理论最大吸附量表现为BC700(7.66 mg/g)>BC500(5.23 mg/g)>BC300(3.32 mg/g).随热解温度的升高,O/C和H/C降低,说明碳化程度增强,生物炭吸附E2的分配作用减弱而表面吸附作用增强.研究显示,蚯蚓粪便生物炭对E2的吸附效果随比表面积和孔体积的增加而增强.      

不同热解温度制备的玉米芯生物炭对对硝基苯酚的吸附作用

以玉米芯为原料,采用限氧热解法制备了不同温度(200~600℃)的玉米芯生物炭,研究玉米芯生物炭对水中对硝基苯酚(PNP)的吸附行为,并对其吸附机制进行了探讨.结果表明,热解温度对生物炭的物理化学性质影响较大,随着热解温度的升高,含氢、氧官能团逐渐消失,生物炭的极性降低,芳香性增强.等温吸附曲线可以被Freundlich模型很好地描述,生物炭的性质对其吸附PNP有着重要影响,Freundlich模型回归参数(n和KF)与玉米芯生物炭的芳香性、亲水性和极性指数[H/C、O/C、(O+N)/C]呈良好的线性关系.定量描述了表面吸附和分配作用的相对贡献,PNP在低温(200℃)制备生物炭上的吸附主要为分配作用,而高温(300~600℃)制备的生物炭对PNP的吸附为π—π电子受体-供体作用和孔填充效应为主的表面吸附机制.     

载镧或铈生物炭吸附水体中As(Ⅴ)的作用机制

本实验采用一步热解法制备载稀土元素镧和铈生物炭(La-BC、Ce-BC),并对其吸附As(Ⅴ)的机制进行讨论.吸附实验结果表明,相对于BC、Ce-BC,La-BC对As(Ⅴ)有较强的吸附能力,在pH=7时理论最大吸附量为20.1 mg·g-1.在pH为5~9范围内随pH升高吸附量降低,最高(pH=5)为39.1 mg·g-1,最低(pH=9)仅为17.6 mg·g-1,在酸性条件下吸附能力较强.根据SEM-EDS、FTIR、XPS分析,吸附机制为La-BC上C=O与La—O官能团参与吸附As(Ⅴ)并分别转化为C—O和La—OH.Ce-BC对As(Ⅴ)吸附能力较差,是由于Ce-BC上虽然存在C=O与Ce—O官能团,但无法参与吸附As(Ⅴ).     

荷梗生物炭理化性质及其对水中Cd的吸附机制

为探究HBC（荷梗生物炭）的基本理化性质及其对水中Cd2+的吸附机制,以荷梗为原料,在300~700℃热解温度下制得HBC,通过灰分分析、元素分析、SEM（扫描电镜）分析及FTIR（傅里叶红外光谱）分析初步探明HBC的基本理化性质并确定其最优热解温度,同时利用经典的吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型对HBC吸附水中Cd2+的内在机制进行分析.结果表明:HBC的最优热解温度为400℃,灰分物质显著影响了HBC的pH,进而对其吸附性能产生影响.SEM分析结果显示,HBC具有发达的多孔结构,其中400℃下制备的HBC（记为HBC-400）多孔结构最优.元素分析结果显示,HBC中φ（C）逐渐升高而H/C[φ（H）/φ（C））]、O/C[φ（O）/φ（C）]下降,表明随热解温度升高HBC逐渐失水且炭化程度逐渐增强.FTIR分析表明,HBC表面存在大量羟基、羧基和羰基等含氧官能团,随热解温度升高,HBC芳构化程度增强而表面官能团丰度降低.试验条件下,HBC对Cd2+的平衡吸附量已达39.239 mg/g,吸附平衡时间为600 min.通过对吸附动力学及等温吸附模型拟合结果分析可知,水中Cd2+在HBC上的吸附是发生在多相异构表面的多分子层混合吸附.综合考虑HBC的理化性质及模型拟合结果可以推测Cd2+在HBC上的吸附可分为3个过程:① Cd2+在浓度梯度力作用下由溶液迅速扩散到HBC表面.② Cd2+与HBC表面官能团发生络合、离子交换反应,与金属氧化物、碳酸盐等发生共沉淀反应.③ Cd2+扩散到HBC的多孔结构中,与苯环上普遍存在的π电子结构发生阳离子-π作用.研究显示,HBC具有碱性、发达的多孔结构、丰富的表面官能团和高稳定性等优良性质,HBC对水中Cd2+的吸附是在其多孔介质表面进行的化学主导吸附过程,因此,可为生物炭类环境功能材料的研制提供选材依据.      

两株重金属抗性细菌对铅镉吸附特性的比较研究

针对目前重金属水污染现状,为探究微生物法修复重金属水污染机制,本试验以抗重金属革兰氏阴性菌Rhizobium sp.W33与革兰氏阳性菌Bacillus sp.H3为供试菌株,对不同重金属(Pb、Cd)浓度及pH条件下的菌株生长状况进行测定;比较不同状态细胞(Growing、Grown、Dead)的吸附能力;利用FTIR初步分析吸附相关官能团.结果表明:两株菌对Pb抗性较强,对Cd抗性相对较弱,最适生长pH均在6~7范围内;不同状态细胞的吸附能力大小为:GrownDeadGrowing;随着重金属浓度的升高,Rhizobium sp.W33与Bacillus sp.H3的吸附容量逐渐增大,且对铅镉的吸附主要以胞外吸附为主,对铅有一定的胞内积累能力;FTIR分析显示菌株吸附过程中主要是—OH、—NH、—CO、—CH2官能团在生物吸附过程中发挥作用.Rhizobium sp.W33与Bacillus sp.H3表面官能团特性及整体吸附能力存在明显差异.     

热解温度对土霉素菌渣焦炭化学性质的影响

研究了热解温度对土霉素菌渣化学性质的影响.采用电子自旋共振(ESR)波谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和碳-13核磁共振(13C NMR)波谱分析了土霉素菌渣及热解焦碳中自由基、碳官能团的变化.结果表明,土霉素菌渣中含有大量自由基,自由基浓度随热解温度的升高显著变化.热解温度为320℃时,焦碳中自由基浓度最高,为1.239×10~(19)spins/g.热解过程中,随着挥发分分解析出、缩聚反应加剧,土霉素菌渣及其热解焦碳中的自由基由含氧自由基、烃基自由基、含氮自由基向芳香碳自由基转化.土霉素菌渣的碳结构在热解中发生明显改变,甲氧基CH_3—O—、脂肪族C—C键、脂肪族C—O键以及羰基(C=O)基团断键,产生大量的芳香族C—C键、芳香族C—O键.热解温度为600℃时,焦碳中芳香族碳官能团(芳香族C—H、C—C、C—O键)的比例达到94.14%.     

浒苔生物炭的特征及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特点和吸附机制

为使浒苔得到资源化利用,本研究采用慢速热解技术于不同温度下制备浒苔生物炭,并对其理化性质进行表征.结果表明,400℃时,浒苔裂解已达较高程度.浒苔生物炭产率及灰分含量与热解温度呈负相关,碳含量与热解温度呈正相关,其表面呈蜂窝状多孔结构,比表面积为44.54~317.82 m~2·g~(-1),表面含有丰富的羟基(—OH)和羧基(—COOH)等含氧官能团.吸附实验显示,浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型.表明浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附为单分子层化学吸附,主要受快速反应过程控制.浒苔生物炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的最适p H为2,吸附容量表现为BC400BC700BC600BC500BC300,其中BC400的吸附量为4.79 mg·g~(-1).浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机制主要包括生物炭与HCr O-4和Cr2O_2-7等阴离子之间的静电作用,以及生物炭表面—OH和—COOH等含氧官能团的络合作用.     

不同热解温度生物炭对 Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

以花生壳和中药渣为原料,分别于300、350、400、500、600℃下慢速热解制备生物炭,并表征其物理化学性质.研究不同p H、吸附时间和Cd(Ⅱ)浓度下生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附特征.结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭的碳化程度增加,比表面积增大,含氧官能团数量减少,π共轭芳香结构更加完备,Ca和Mg等无机元素不断富集,矿物溶解性降低,导致了Cd(Ⅱ)在不同热解温度生物炭上吸附能力及机制的差异.随溶液p H的升高(2.0~6.0),生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量逐渐增加.吸附过程可分为快吸附和慢吸附两个阶段,吸附速度受膜扩散、颗粒内扩散和沉淀作用、离子交换等过程的控制.随热解温度的升高,快吸附在生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附中所占比例逐渐降低.高温生物炭(≥500℃)中含氧官能团的锐减及难溶晶体矿物的形成降低了其对Cd(Ⅱ)的快吸附速率.沉淀和离子交换可能是低温生物炭(≤400℃)吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的主要机制;高温生物炭(≥500℃)中更完备的π共轭芳香结构增加了Cd-π作用对吸附的贡献,而难溶磷酸盐和碳酸盐的形成则降低了沉淀作用对吸附的贡献.这些研究结果为筛选对Cd(Ⅱ)具有高效去除或固持能力的功能生物炭(designer biochar)提供了重要的理论数据.     

改性多孔生物炭的制备及其对水中四环素的吸附性能研究

以常见的农业废弃物玉米秸秆为原料,以NaHCO_3和三聚氰胺为活化剂,一步碳化活化制备得到了一种改性多孔生物炭,研究了其对模拟四环素(TC)废水的吸附行为,同时采用SEM、XRD、Raman、FTIR、BET和元素分析对材料进行表征分析.探究了热解温度、三聚氰胺添加量、吸附剂投加量、反应时间、初始浓度、环境温度和pH对改性多孔生物炭去除水溶液中TC的影响.相比于原始生物炭(C800),改性后的秸秆生物炭(MPC800-10)对TC拥有更优异的吸附能力,能在短时间内快速高效地去除TC.由表征结果可知,同时添加NaHCO_3和三聚氰胺得到的改性多孔生物炭(MPC800-10)相对于原始生物炭(C800)比表面积更大,孔结构更丰富,芳香性增强,且亲水性和极性也有所增大,表面官能团更丰富,含氧官能团增加.MPC800-10对TC的吸附更符合Pseudo-second-order动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型,且最大吸附量达到347 mg·g~(-1).热力学分析表明MPC800-10对TC的吸附是一个自发、吸热的过程.在酸性和中性条件下MPC800-10对TC都有较好的吸附能力,且具有一定的抗离子干扰能力和良好的再生性能.本研究将为农田废弃物的资源化利用及废水中抗生素的污染治理奠定坚实的基础.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.