固液共存氧化型聚硅酸铁(PSF-Ⅰ)混凝剂的分析

对自制的聚硅酸铁(PSF)进行改性,加入高锰酸钾和稳定剂M,制备出固液共存氧化型聚硅酸铁(PSF-Ⅰ)混凝剂,用滤纸将PSF-Ⅰ过滤,并对PSF-Ⅰ、PSF-Ⅰ滤液及PSF进行紫外吸收(UVA)全波长扫描及前两者的混凝实验,然后将PSF-Ⅰ与PSF、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)进行混凝对比研究,最后对PSF-Ⅰ的混凝性能随储存时间的稳定性进行探讨.结果表明,高锰酸钾的加入改变了PSF的微观结构,使PSF的形态尺寸增大,导致PSF-Ⅰ中Fe³⁺离子的UVA特征峰比PSF高,并且保存了独立的高锰酸钾特征吸收峰(530nm).PSF-Ⅰ中的固相起到初级核子作用,有利于絮体成长.PSF-Ⅰ的最佳投药量为9 mg·L^-1,而PSF-Ⅰ滤液的最佳投药量为12 mg·L^-1.PSF-Ⅰ是通过混凝吸附和催化氧化功能共同实现对有机物的去除,而PSF和PFS仅是通过常规的混凝吸附去除部分有机物,去除机理有本质的区别.     

固液共存氧化型聚硅酸铁(PSF-I)混凝剂的分析

对自制的聚硅酸铁(PSF)进行改性,加入高锰酸钾和稳定剂M,制备出固液共存氧化型聚硅酸铁(PSF-Ⅰ)混凝剂,用滤纸将PSF-Ⅰ过滤,并对PSF-Ⅰ、PSF-Ⅰ滤液及PSF进行紫外吸收(UVA)全波长扫描及前两者的混凝实验,然后将PSF-Ⅰ与PSF、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)进行混凝对比研究,最后对PSF-Ⅰ的混凝性能随储存时间的稳定性进行探讨。结果表明,高锰酸钾的加入改变了PSF的微观结构,使PSF的形态尺寸增大,导致PSF-I中Fe3+离子的UVA特征峰比PSF高,并且保存了独立的高锰酸钾特征吸收峰(530nm)。PSF-Ⅰ中的固相起到初级核子作用,有利于絮体成长。PSF-Ⅰ的最佳投药量为9mg?L^-1,而PSF-Ⅰ滤液 的最佳投药量为12 mg?L^-1。PSF-I是通过混凝吸附和催化氧化功能共同实现对有机物的去除,而PSF和PFS仅是通过常规的混凝吸附去除部分有机物,去除机理有本质的区别。     

聚合氯化铝中Alb形态去除腐殖酸的效果及机制研究

Al_b形态［Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄⁷⁺］是聚合氯化铝（polyaluminium chloride, PAC）水解-聚合作用中形成的一种粒度小、所带正电荷多、聚集程度高及分子量大的多核羟基配合物.本试验采用乙醇-丙酮混合沉淀法分离PAC溶液中各种铝形态,提纯出Al_b形态（Al_b絮凝剂）.研究投加量、pH及无机离子对Al_b絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样絮凝效果的影响,并利用光散射颗粒分析仪（PDA2000）测定Al_b絮凝剂对腐殖酸絮凝过程中絮体的形成与增长过程的动态变化,结合絮体的Zeta电位,对Al_b絮凝剂的絮凝机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当投加量为4.3～6.3 mg/L、pH值为3.0～6.0时,Al_b絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样达到最佳絮凝效果;NH⁺₄、SiO^2-₃、H₂PO^-₄的存在明显抑制其絮凝性能.絮凝动力学过程和絮体Zeta电位表明,Al_b絮凝剂在水处理中主要是通过电中和作用和吸附网捕卷扫作用共同起絮凝作用的.     

Al13形态在混凝中的作用机制

从铝的水解形态转化角度考察了铝盐在高碱度和高有机物浓度水体中的混凝行为.结果表明,铝盐的混凝效能是与混凝过程中的Al₁₃含量成正比.高投药量时氯化铝(AlCl₃)既可以有效调节水体pH值又能在混凝过程中原位水解产生较多的Al₁₃形态,因而混凝效能要高于聚合氯化铝(PACl).在铝盐混凝中,调节pH值到6～7之间可以控制铝形态分布从而达到提高混凝效能和减少残留铝的目的.在调节pH值强化混凝的方法中使用传统铝盐的效果要好于无机高分子絮凝剂.     

生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液生化出水的混凝机理研究

分别采用Al₂(SO₄)₃、FeCl₃、PAC、PAFC对垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液生化出水进行混凝研究,并建立混凝处理模型.结果表明,在pH值为6时,单独投加500 mg/L的Al₂(SO₄)₃、FeCl₃、PAC、PAFC时,COD去除率分别为20％、17％、30％、40％.焚烧厂渗滤液生化出水中有机物主要是由相对分子质量小于2 000的可溶性物质组成;通过透射电镜扫描技术(TEM)和Zeta电位分析,发现中和及网捕桥联是渗滤液混凝处理的主要作用机理;相比无机盐混凝剂,聚合物混凝剂具有较强的电中和以及网捕架桥功能.     

胶态水合二氧化锰絮凝粒子的结构形貌及其混凝机理

采用透射电镜技术观察了胶态水合二氧化锰絮凝粒子的结构形貌并采用Zeta电位测定仪对粒子的荷电特征进行了研究;利用红外光谱、XRD等技术对粒子的界面性质进行了表征;通过混凝试验考察了KMnO₄ 还原法制备的水合二氧化锰胶体对原水的混凝性能并探讨了混凝机理.结果表明,胶态水合二氧化锰粒子在去离子水和原水中荷负电,在去离子水中,粒子直径为10　nm并形成网状结构,有利于发挥吸附架桥作用;粒子具有丰富的表面羟基,比表面积为151.422　m²/g,为δ-MnO₂,表现出优良的吸附污染物的界面特性;较低投量的胶态水合二氧化锰表现出对原水的优良混凝效能和去除有机微污染的效能.     

硫酸根离子与聚合铝的反应过程及其产物形态

对不同Al/SO2-4比及碱化度条件下PACl与SO₄^2-的反应过程进行研究,分析了体系中总铝浓度及形态分布变化规律,测定了各沉淀/结晶产物的组成,并对其形貌进行了扫描电镜观察.实验结果表明:碱化度对PACl/SO₄^2-反应体系有较大影响,随着碱化度(B值)的增加,沉淀/结晶的析出速率加快,结果析出物中OH含量逐渐增加,而SO₄^2-/Al比率从0.45～0.30逐渐降低.各聚合铝水解形态与SO₄^2-反应速率上存在明显差异,从而为其混凝优势形态的分离纯化创造了条件.     

以TEOS为硅源的聚硅氯化铝絮凝剂的制备及其物化特征

采用TEOS为硅源合成制备了新型的聚硅氯化铝PASC(A),并与传统方法合成的聚硅氯化铝PASC(B) 做了比较,探讨了产品的pH值和Zeta电位随B值和Si/Al摩尔比的变化关系,并利用酸解反应和²⁷Al NMR研究了硅引入对PASC分子结构和铝形态的影响.结果表明,由于采用了特殊的合成方法,与PASC(B)相比,PASC(A)具有更高的聚合度,分子量分布并且分子中铝硅分布均匀,不易被酸解聚,而且有利于Al₁₃形态稳定性.     

高分散氮化碳溶胶在重金属离子吸附去除中的应用

吸附材料在水中的分散性对于增加其与吸附质间相互作用,实现污染物的高效去除尤为重要.本文基于分子形态易于调控的石墨相氮化碳二维材料,通过简单的化学处理方法制备成高度分散于水中的溶胶吸附剂（M-C₃N₄-sol、U-C₃N₄-sol）,通过透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、Zeta电位仪（Zeta Potential Analyzer）、比表面积及孔径分布仪（BET）等对其形貌、组成、结构进行了表征.结果表明,氮化碳溶胶呈现纳米级纤维状结构,在水中有着极佳的分散性.相较于原始氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）,溶胶吸附剂对多种重金属离子的吸附去除能力得到大幅度提升,尤其是对Pb²⁺具有较高的吸附选择性.在298 K时,对Pb²⁺的吸附在1 min内即可达到平衡,快速吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温模型.吸附机理的研究表明,M-C₃N₄-sol对Pb²⁺的吸附是在静电引力、离子交换、氨基的表面络合和阳离子-π键的协同作用下完成的.吸附金属离子后,M-C₃N₄-sol发生脱稳形成易于实现固液分离的沉淀产物,对其进行稀硝酸脱附再生,吸附容量没有明显降低,表明其良好的循环使用性能.     

原子力显微镜分析聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐的吸附和絮凝行为:反离子的影响

通过对聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDADMAC)改性得到了高分子量的聚二甲基二烯丙基硝酸铵(PDADMANO₃)和聚二甲基二烯丙基硫酸铵(PDADMASO₄).通过电导率,比浓粘度,原子力显微镜,以及高岭土悬浊液絮凝试验的残余浊度,Zeta电位和絮凝指数,研究了一价阴离子(Cl^-,ON₃^-)和二价阴离子(SO₄^2-)对聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐(PDADMAX)的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能的影响.结果表明:不同的反离子对PDADMAX的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能有显著影响.PDADMANO₃具有更高的絮凝效率和“电中和作用”,而PDADMASO₄具有更宽的最佳絮凝范围和更大的絮体粒径,及更强的“吸附架桥作用”.特别对于聚电解质的吸附和絮凝机理的研究,单个高分子的原子力显微镜图象是一种非常有效地分析方法.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.