黄浦江上游饮用水源地水及沉积物中汞、砷的分布特征

对黄浦江上游饮用水源地水及沉积物中Hg、As的含量及分布进行了调查研究.结果表明,水中Hg、As的浓度范围分别为0.0407～0 2287μg·L-1、0.6087～5.2667μg·L-1,平均值分别为0.1492μg·L-1、2.7442μg·L-1;与地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水标准相比,83.3%的样点Hg浓度超标,As未出现超标现象.沉积物中Hg、As的含量范围分别为0.0479～0.4169mg·kg-1、4.84～9.01mg·kg-1,平均值分别为0.1488 mg·kg-1、6.59mg·kg-1;57.1%的样点Hg含量超过了上海市土壤背景值,As含量未超标.从空间分布来看,位于工业园区河流的采样点及河流入江口的采样点水体中Hg、As浓度较高.沉积物对Hg、As的浓缩系数分别位于209～2361、1113～11171之间.沉积物中Hg、As的含量均与有机碳含量成显著正相关关系,表明本研究区域沉积物中有机碳是Hg、As含量的主要影响因子.根据Hg、As的分布特征,推断黄浦江上游饮用水源地Hg、As的污染源主要包括工业污染源、农业污染源、生活污水垃圾、上游来水、河流沉积物的二次污染、来往船只污染物的排放等.     

太湖重点区域水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染水平及生态风险评价

为了解太湖重点区域水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)的污染情况,对丰水期、枯水期和平水期目标区域的水体和沉积物中6种PAEs进行分析,3个水期水体中PAEs浓度分别为1.6~11.2μg·L-1(平均值3.68μg·L-1)、nd~6.21μg·L-1(平均值1.3μg·L-1)和nd~1.72μg·L-1(平均值0.48μg·L-1),从上游至下游未呈现明显浓度变化,其中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯[di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]对ΣPAEs浓度的贡献比较大,邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(di-n-butyl phthalate,DBP)在某些采样点高于国内标准.沉积物中PAEs含量范围在0.74~6.90μg·g-1(平均值2.64μg·g-1),主要成分是DBP和DEHP.生态风险评价的结果表明,DBP和DEHP是重点区域中最主要的风险因子;沉积物PAEs中所有种类的含量均未超过风险评价低值(effect range low,ERL),对生物的潜在危害较小.与国内外河流、湖泊与河口等沉积物中PAEs污染水平比较,太湖重点区域水环境中PAEs污染属于中等水平.工业污染和城市活动是水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯的主要来源.     

葫芦岛市不同污染源河流汞污染特征研究

研究了葫芦岛市区不同污染源的三条河流水体及沉积物中汞的分布特征,探讨了氯碱厂、锌冶炼厂及非点源污染引起的河流汞污染特征的差异。研究表明曾经接受过氯碱厂废水污染的五里河,表层沉积物中汞浓度为0.03700~16.07 mg.kg-1,平均值9.241 mg.kg-1;河水中总汞浓度为0.08400~10.45μg.L-1,平均值为1.530μg.L-1,水中汞源于河流沉积物溶出。受锌冶炼厂废水污染的茨山河,表层沉积物中汞浓度为0.3440~132.5 mg.kg-1,平均值52.45 mg.kg-1;水中总汞浓度为0.05800~11.04μg.L-1,平均值为2.377μg.L-1,水中汞源于锌冶炼厂直接排放。无典型点源污染的连山河总汞源于面源污染,表层沉积物中汞浓度为0.2150~19.55 mg.kg-1,平均值5.126 mg.kg-1;降水冲刷带入河流造成的总汞浓度为0.3200~17.32μg.L-1,平均值为4.642μg.L-1。     

长江武汉段水体中多环芳烃的分布及来源分析

对长江武汉段干流7个站点、支流和湖泊23个站点的水相、悬浮颗粒相和沉积相样品中的多环芳烃进行了分析测定.结果表明,水相中多环芳烃总量的变化范围为0.242～6.235μg·L-1沉积相中的变化范围为31-4812μg·L-1悬浮颗粒相中多环芳烃含量的平均值为4677μg·L-1,含量高于沉积物.长江武汉段与国内其它河流多环芳烃污染水平相当,比国外一些河流多环芳烃的污染水平要高.沉积相中多环芳烃的含量与颗粒物中总有机碳(TOC)含量呈显著正相关.污染来源分析表明,多环芳烃主要由化石燃料、木材等的燃烧所引起,污染来源为燃烧源.在干流白沙洲和支流墨水湖的水相中检出了苯并(a)芘,且含量超出了国家饮用水标准.沉积物中PAHs对周围生物存在潜在的毒性效应,但不会引起急性毒性效应.     

沈阳市降水化学成分及来源分析

沈阳市2007年降水样品化学组分研究表明,该区降水pH值在4.89～8.02之间,雨量加权平均值为6.89,与杭州等南方地区相比,沈阳降水中离子浓度比较高,但降水的酸化程度和酸化频率却不高,表明沈阳市整体上降水没有呈现酸化,主要是碱性离子的中和作用.SO24-和Cl-是主要的阴离子,雨量加权平均值为330.00μeq·L-1和85.05μeq·L-1,分别占阴离子总量的60.32%和15.55%;Ca2+和NH4+是主要的阳离子,雨量加权平均值为291.17μeq·L-1和175.13μeq·L-1,分别占阳离子总量的49.51%和29.78%.季节变化特征研究表明离子浓度变化呈现秋冬高,春夏低的状态.NF计算结果表明NH4+和Ca2+具有较强的中和能力,而Mg2+和K+的中和能力比较小,相较于NH4+和Ca2+几乎可以忽略不计.利用富集系数法计算表明,SO24-和NO3-主要来源于人为输入,Cl-主要为海洋输入,NH4+和K+主要来源于土壤和人为活动的输入.     

二价铁离子对UASB反应器厌氧发酵产氢效能的影响

金属离子Fe2+在生物产氢机制中起着重要作用.以红糖为底物,研究了Fe2+在0～1 650 mg·L-1范围内对UASB发酵产氢效能的影响.结果表明,适当浓度的二价铁离子对产氢具有一定的促进作用.当Fe2+浓度为0～450 mg·L-1时,发酵产气量及其氢气含量都随着Fe2+浓度的增加而增加;且当Fe2+浓度为450 mg·L-1时,获得最大生物气体积为17.72 L,较空白组提高了40.75%,此时氢气含量60.01%.而当外加的Fe2+浓度大于450 mg·L-1时,则开始呈下降趋势.因此,Fe2+可以成为调控发酵制氢的工程措施之一.     

离子色谱法测定水中碘化物

建立了以AS19阴离子交换分离柱,KOH淋洗液自动发生器,抑制型电导检测器测定水中碘离子的离子色谱方法,优化了色谱条件,结果表明方法不受F-、C1-、NO2-、NO3-、PO42+、SO42-干扰,检出限为0.001 mg· L-1,线性范围在0.001 mg· L-1～1.000 mg· L-1,相关系数R2=1,精密度高,准确度好.     

污水中溶解性有机氮类化合物的氯化反应特性及其消毒副产物生成潜能

为探讨城市污水厂二级出水中溶解性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)类化合物的氯化消毒副产物生成潜能及其化学结构变化,首先测定DON、溶解性有机炭(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、NH4+-N和UV254等指标以及与氯反应前后DON相对分子质量分布,并采用气相色谱测定消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)质量浓度,最后应用红外光谱和三维荧光光谱对与氯反应前后的水样进行表征.结果表明,城市污水厂二级出水中DON、DOC、UV254和NH4+-N分别为2.47mg·L-1、14.45 mg·L-1、15.88 m-1和5.42 mg·L-1,DOC与DON比值[m(DOC)/m(DON)]为5.85 mg·mg-1,SUVA为1.09L·(m·mg)-1;与氯反应后,小相对分子质量(Mr<6 000)DON所占比例由70%提高到78%,大相对分子质量(Mr>20 000)DON所占比例从21%降到14%,占较小比例的中等相对分子质量(Mr6 000～20 000)DON基本不变;氯化消毒副产物生成潜能中一氯一溴乙腈(BCAN)质量浓度最大为6.887μg·L-1,三氯乙腈(TCAN)质量浓度最小仅为0.217μg·L-1;与氯反应前,水样的红外光谱出现6个主要吸收区域分别在3 500～3 400、2 260～2 200、1 700～1 640、1 500～1 450、1 150～1 100和850～800 cm-1;与氯反应后水样的红外光谱在1 380～1 350 cm-1和600～550 cm-1增加两个吸收区域;三维荧光光谱证实,与氯反应前后水样中变化与3个主要特征峰有关,分别代表色氨酸类蛋白质、芳香族类蛋白质和富里酸类等物质.     

西南喀斯特农村降水化学研究:以贵州普定为例

对我国西南喀斯特地区农村(普定)2008年的降水样品化学组成研究表明,该区降水pH值在4.6～7.1之间,加权平均值为5.7.Ca2+是主要的阳离子,雨量加权平均浓度为303.2 μeq·L-1占阳离子总数的34%～88%;SO42-和NO3-是主要的阴离子,雨量加权平均浓度分别为281.2 μeq·L-1、69.9 ...     

纳滤预处理测定景观水体中溶解性有机氮质量浓度及其分布特征

为了提高景观水体中DON测定的精确性,研究了纳滤(NF90、NF270)预处理前后水样中DON测定的变化,探讨了NF90、NF270对DIN的去除效果.结果表明,NF90和NF270预处理对NH4+-N、NO3--N和NO2--N的平均去除率分别为30.7%、55.9%、50.0%、73.1%、42.9%、72.0%,NF270对DIN的去除效果更好.常规方法测定DON的质量浓度范围为0.09～0.46 mg·L-1,采样点2处出现负值(-0.08 mg·L-1),DIN/TDN比率范围为85.3%～105%;NF90预处理测定DON的质量浓度范围为0.03～0.58 mg·L-1,DIN/TDN比率范围为76.1%～90.6%;NF270预处理测定DON的质量浓度范围为0.10～0.59 mg·L-1,DIN/TDN比率范围为47.5%～84.5%.这说明NF预处理能够有效去除水样中DIN,减少DON测定的标准偏差,增加了测定的精度.奥林匹克森林公园水体中DON分布的研究表明,水体DON呈现显著的季节性差异,并且南北园区也存在明显差异.北园11月、3月、5月DON较低,小于0.2 mg·L-1,7月质量浓度较高,南园5月DON较低,11月和3月较高,在0.40～0.65 mg·L-1之间.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.