典型再生水人工湿地净化系统水质时空变异研究——以北京市奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地为例

选取奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地作为典型再生水补水人工湿地净化系统进行水质数据检测,应用模糊综合评价法综合评估各净化单元的水体污染状况,采用综合判别分析和Spearman相关分析阐释影响各净化单元时空变异的水环境要素,并通过因子分析识别不同时间段污染源的种类和组成.结果表明,奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地净化系统水质状况较好,符合人体非直接接触的景观用水国家标准.人工湿地各净化单元时空区间污染程度不同:季节尺度上,秋季污染更为严重;空间尺度上,主湖区、混合氧化塘区污染最为严重.CODMn、NO-3-N、ORP、TN 4项指标即可完全表征水质的季节差异(91.8%),应适当加大监测力度;Chl-a、CODMn、DO、pH 4项指标用于表征空间差异(55.1%),较低的判别正确率暗示了各功能区间类似的污染状况.不同时空区间污染源种类和组成存在差异性:水体的内源杂质是各季度影响水质的主要因子,春季有机污染最为严重,夏季则转为氮、磷等营养物质污染,秋季水体则更易受富营养化的威胁;再生水区水体污染的主要影响因子为氮、磷等营养盐类,其余功能区水体主要影响因子仍为内源杂质.增强水体流通力,缩短水力停留时间,能够有效减弱富营养盐类和有机污染物的影响.     

武河湿地碳氮净化长效性及其内源分布与释放

实验以运行10年的山东武河人工湿地为例,按照水流方向采集原位水样和柱状沉积物样,对其碳氮的净化能力和沉积物碳氮的分布特征及其内源释放风险进行了分析。结果表明:武河人工湿地稳定运行10年后,对水体中的氮仍具有一定净化能力,TN去除率为35%左右,但对COD基本没有净化效果,出水COD值达70.73 mg/L,水体NH_3-N、NO_3~--N、TN和COD浓度均未能达到地表水Ⅳ类水质的设计目标;武河人工湿地沉积物TN含量较高,表层20 cm平均含量高达3 742.95 mg/kg,为重度污染,NH_3-N平均含量为303.06 mg/kg,占TN的比例为8.09%,NO_3~--N平均含量极低,仅为5.19 mg/kg,沉积物氮主要以有机氮(ON)的形式存在;垂向上,沉积物TN含量为2 755～4 250 mg/kg之间,总体上表现为随深度增加略微减少的趋势,外源氮负荷对沉积物TN起决定作用。静态培养实验显示,武河湿地各点位沉积物同上覆水体NH_3-N、TN和COD的交换速率差异较大,但均以吸附为主,4个点位对COD的吸附速率分别为2 921.25、3220.85、3 629.70和5 135.91 mg/(m~2·d),人工湿地沉积物对水体NH_3-N、TN和COD具有较好的吸附能力。湿地沉积物有机质(LOI)含量为4.57%～11.9%,相关性分析表明,沉积物LOI与NH_3-N、NO_3~--N、TN的含量均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.703、0.748和0.700,沉积物氮负荷与有机质来源相对一致。     

朱庄水库水体氮循环系统对水质的影响分析

通过朱庄水库流域污染源调查,氮污染是朱庄水库水体的主要污染物.结合对水库水体氮循环发生机理进行分析,在分析时,考虑水温、溶解氧和酸碱度等环境因子对氮循环的影响.硝化作用对减少氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮两种污染物起积极作用,反硝化作用受环境因子限制,对硝酸盐氮的降解并不明显.通过对朱庄水库氮循环对水质的影响分析,为制定水库供水方案提供科学依据.     

纳污湿地上覆水中重金属的监测及评价

以武河湿地为研究区域采集上覆水水样,采用ICP-AES法测定湿地水体中重金属的含量,参照有关标准用水质标准级别法对水中重金属污染情况进行了评价。结果表明:武河湿地中重金属Hg污染十分严重,各采样点均有分布且水质属劣Ⅴ类。重金属元素Cd污染并不严重,总体水质较好。重金属元素As、Cr、Cu、Pb在武河湿地中污染较轻近乎无污染,水质为Ⅰ类。由于重金属Hg的污染十分严重所以研究区内综合质量等级在4以上,水质为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类,污染严重。     

北京市潮白河再生水补水河段水质时空变异

城市河道是城市再生水利用的主要载体,而人工湿地是城市再生水河道补水前主要的水质净化方式.为了解再生水补水与人工湿地对再生水补水段水质的影响,选取北京市潮白河再生水补水河段作为研究对象,利用聚类分析、判别分析及因子分析等方法对不同季节水体的水质情况进行分析.结果表明:研究区内水体氮磷污染严重,其中TN污染表现为NO₃--N、NO₂--N和NH₄+-N的混合型污染.聚类分析结果表明,水质在季节尺度上表现为丰水期（6-9月）和枯水期（2月、3月、5月和12月）两大类;在空间尺度上受再生水补水和湿地净化的影响表现为显著的空间差异性.判别分析结果表明,再生水补给对河道水质的影响无显著季节差异,湿地净化功能在丰水期和枯水期差异较大且丰水期湿地的净化效果最为明显.因子分析结果表明,再生水作为城市河道的补充水源,一方面对河道中的F-、Chl-a等起到稀释作用,另一方面使得水体中的N、P及离子含量增加;丰水期湿地的净化作用使水体中氮磷等有机营养物质含量及ρ（TDS）等显著降低.      

百花湖周边城市近郊小流域氮、磷输出时空特征

识别主要污染物与污染源对于贵阳周边流域水质的控制与管理具有重要的现实意义.于2010年7月~2011年4月连续进行的野外观测实验,研究了贵阳市重要的水源地百花湖水库周边的麦西河小流域氮、磷流失浓度特征,以便为贵阳市城市近郊小流域面源污染治理提供参考.流域有各种源和汇的存在,导致研究流域在不同时间,从上游到下游,各采样点氮输出变化较大.各采样点水体的不同形态氮含量和磷含量随时间变化总体上仍呈现出一定的规律,总氮、硝氮以2010年7月较高,氨氮、亚硝氮和总磷以2010年10月和12月较高.从上游到下游,各采样点水体中不同形态氮含量和磷含量差异减少.在流域下游的河口处,TN含量由3.297 mg·L-1下降为2.793 mg·L-1,TP从0.136 mg·L-1下降到0.098 mg·L-1,但与中游比较,变化不明显,氨氮含量还有所上升.从流域氮、磷输出时空变化特征来看,氮素特别是氨氮和硝态氮通过河道径流途径进入百花湖的风险较高.研究结果可为百花湖周边小流域氮、磷流失治理做参考.     

城区景观水体生态重建中水生植物和光催化反应器的应用

城区景观水体是居民观赏、休闲、及娱乐的场所,对美化城市人居环境、净化空气、调节区域温度等具有积极作用。由于面源污染等因素,目前中国城区景观水体氮、磷营养盐含量高,藻类泛滥,水生生态系统单一,大多呈现富营养化状态。本文以广州市某景观湖泊为案例,利用低扬程水泵推流,使景观水体形成环流。部分环流经过固载型TiO2光催化反应器、人工湿地处理,再和环流水体汇合。研究表明,光催化反应器具有很强的杀藻能力,同时减少了藻类在后续人工湿地的沉积,提高了人工湿地对有机物、氮、磷等污染物的去除效果。通过近二年的研究和运行维护,有效地遏制了浮游植物的泛滥,景观水体的水质得到改善,水体生态系统多样性得到一定程度的恢复。     

垂直潜流人工湿地低温净化效果及其与微生物作用关系

人工湿地净化过程受基质、微生物及植物的多重作用,但有关湿地系统水质净化效果与微生物之间的关联及响应机制的认识较为匮乏.本文针对垂直潜流人工湿地,分析了其低温条件下水质净化效果,通过16S rDNA扩增子测序技术,在OTU水平上利用微生物丰度聚类热图和基于Bray-Curtis距离的NMDS分析,揭示了湿地基质微生物群落结构的时空变化及其与主要水质指标之间的相互作用关系.结果表明,湿地对TN、COD的去除效果较好,但对TP的去除效果不佳.基质微生物群落时空变化显著,与湿地净化效果密切相关,革兰氏阴性菌门类众多和假单胞菌属相对丰度较低,分别是TN去除效果较好和TP去除效果不佳的重要原因.COD、DO是影响微生物群落的主要因子,而氮含量在一定程度上影响脱氮微生物的活跃度.基质微生物在湿地运行2周后,对污染物去除的介导作用稳定,建议设立这一关键时间点,并辅以菌群、碳源投入等措施,提升湿地的净化效果.     

西溪湿地底泥氮、磷和有机质含量竖向分布规律

利用特制的取样器从西溪湿地钻取连续完整的底泥试样,对不同深度底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)含量进行测试;通过TN、TP、OM在表层底泥、底泥孔隙水和上覆水体中含量变化的分析结果,并运用有机指数法对该湿地底泥的污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,该湿地60cm深度以内的底泥为轻度~中度污染,属于活性层;埋深大于60cm的底泥未受污染或者污染较轻,属于相对稳定层;TN、TP、OM在垂向上的变化呈显著相关关系.TN、TP在底泥孔隙水中的含量显著高于在上覆水体中的含量;由于存在浓度梯度,底泥孔隙水中的氮、磷及其他有机污染物会释放到上覆水体中去,只实施换水处理难以根除湿地水体富营养化的问题.对作为内污染源的底泥,疏浚应是一种更有效的治理措施,60cm活性层深度可作为该湿地疏浚参考深度.     

人工湿地植物水体净化效能研究进展

通过检索近20年来人工湿地植物在净化水质方面代表性文献,筛选出50种常见人工湿地植物,包括水生植物(挺水植物、浮水植物及浮叶植物、沉水植物)、湿生植物、旱生植物,对该50种常见植物的净化效能进行分析比较;指出湿地植物在净化水体时可能受物种、环境因子、种类配置模式三方面的影响;提出未来人工湿地植物选择应用方面发展方向为:应进一步扩大其种类的选择范围,加强探究维持其生长代谢的机理,加强与微生物的耦合作用完成水体污染物净化的效能研究,根据不同人工湿地和水体污染物类型进行配置等4个方面。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.