达州市稻米重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

重金属通过食物进入人体,经过长期累积对人体健康产生潜在威胁。为了调查达州市稻米重金属污染情况及对人体健康的影响,采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法对达州市稻米中铅、镉、砷和汞的污染状况分析,并采用暴露评价法和个人最大超额危险评价模型分别对居民食用该区域稻米致癌重金属和非致癌重金属进行健康风险评价。结果显示铅和汞的健康风险指数小于1,对人体健康的影响不明显;镉和砷的平均个人致癌年风险值低于美国环保署推荐的最大可接受水平。     

鄂州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染评价

为了解鄂州市蔬菜地重金属的污染状况,对鄂州市蔬菜地土壤进行采样,并对其重金属铜、铅、镉、铬、汞、砷含量进行测定。利用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其进行分析和评价,其中土壤重金属元素单因子污染指数(Pi)由大到小的顺序为:铜(Cu)>汞(Hg)>铬(Cr)>砷(As)>铅(Pb)>镉(Cd)。其中铜、汞、铬、砷属于中度污染,铅、镉处于警戒线中。内梅罗综合污染指数法表明鄂州蔬菜地土壤整体受到了轻度的重金属污染.     

太湖流域梁塘河沉积物重金属生态风险评价

研究了太湖流域梁塘河沉积物中6种重金属(砷、镉、铬、铜、汞和铅)的空间分布特征。相关性分析表明:铅、镉和汞有显著的正相关关系;砷和铜也有显著正相关;铬与其他金属均无良好的相关关系。参照SQGs基准,砷、镉、铬、汞、铅含量介于风险评价低值(ERL)与风险评价中值(ERM)之间,可能会对水域生物有一定的毒性;铜含量在部分取样点超过了ERM值,对水生生态系统有很强毒性。Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法研究表明,各取样点的表层沉积物均有一定生态风险,其中5号、6号呈现极强的生态风险;6种元素生态风险由强到弱的顺序为:镉、铜、砷、汞、铅、铬。     

燃煤电厂烟气汞排放控制技术

引言 燃煤锅炉排放的重金属有害空气污染物(HAP)主要有汞、镉、铅、铬和砷等,而(汞)Hg是其中最易挥发的重金属元素之一.     

吉林省辉发河底泥重金属污染评价

辉发河为第二松花江的第一大支流,其污染情况对第二松花江和松花湖的环境影响较大.本文以辉发河底泥为研究对象,测定了底泥中砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、铅和锌等重金属元素含量,探讨了重金属元素分布特点,并采用沉积物基准法和地质累积指数法对重金属污染情况进行了评价.结果表明,辉发河底泥砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、铅和锌平均含量分别为5.9、0.162、71.1、17.6、0.037、21.5 mg/kg和53.3 mg/kg,含量水平比较低,各重金属元素在辉发河干流底泥中含量变化规律基本一致;综合两种污染评价方法结果可知,辉发河底泥中重金属总体污染水平较低,污染元素主要为Cr、Pb、Hg和As.     

合肥市南郊土壤重金属环境质量评价

采用模糊数学模型对合肥市南郊农业土壤中重金属元素(镉、汞、砷、铜、铅、锌)进行了综合污染评价,结果表明,评价区域土壤环境中的六种重金属元素均在标准之内,土壤环境质量为一级,属于安全、清洁级水平,符合无公害农产品基地的环境要求。     

洋口港水产品重金属含量状况调查及评价

本文调查了南通洋口港水产品中重金属铬、铜、铅、砷、汞、镉的含量,并采用《农产品安全质量无公害水产品安全要求》对检验结果进行评价。结果显示:同一水产品对不同的重金属的富集程度是有差异的,同一重金属在不同的水产品中含量水平也各不相同。其中,铬、铜、铅、汞在水产品中的含量均远低于我国水产品重金属质量相关限量标准,砷在各种水产品中含量普遍较高,镉在贝类中超标严重,应引起有关部门重视。     

天津月牙河沉积物营养盐和重金属浓度水平及生态风险评价

为了掌握区域沉积物的环境风险水平,对环境风险管理提供技术依据,以津南区月牙河为研究对象,采集表层和下层沉积物样品共计22个,测定了有机质含量、总氮、总磷、砷、铜、镍、汞、铅、镉、铬、锌等指标含量,运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗污染指数法、生态风险指数法和有机污染指数法分析了沉积物中营养盐及重金属的风险水平。结果表明：各指标含量的空间差异较明显。单因子评价结果显示表层样品：锌>总磷>总氮=铜=镍=铅=镉=铅>砷;下层样品中,除总磷和锌指标达到轻度污染水平外,其余指标均为清洁。内梅罗综合评价结果显示,表层样品中各指标污染程度不同,总氮=总磷=铜=镍=镉=锌>铬>砷=铅。各指标的RI均属于低风险,但表层样品存在显著空间差异,而下层样品RI差异较小。有机污染指数均远低于评价标准0.5%,属于“清洁”水平。     

绍兴部分河道水中重金属的检测及污染评估

为探索绍兴部分河道水中重金属元素的含量,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)方法测定绍兴河道水中铬、锰、铁、汞、铅、镍、锡、镉、砷、铜、锌和钴12种重金属元素含量。参照国家有关标准,对重金属检测结果进行与国标标准限值进行比较而达到对重金属的污染评价。结果表明:绍兴部分河流不存在重金属污染情况,但个别元素接近标准限值。     

粤东凤凰山区茶园茶叶重金属含量的调查和污染评价

茶叶中的重金属含量是评价茶叶质量的重要指标,文章采用原子吸收分光光度法对粤东凤凰山区11个茶园83个茶叶样品的铜、铬、铅、锰、镍、锌六种重金属元素含量进行测定,并采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法对茶叶重金属元素污染情况进行评价,结果显示,茶叶重金属元素平均含量MnZnCuCrNiPb,四种重金属元素的单因子污染指数CrZnPbCu,11个茶园中重金属综合污染指数均小于1,茶叶对六种重金属元素的富集系数均小于1,富集系数大小CuMnZnCrNiPb。结论表明:粤东凤凰山区茶园的茶叶质量总体情况较好,但个别重金属元素存在超标现象,应引起相当注意。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.