2017年10月海南省一次臭氧污染特征及输送路径与潜在源区分析

为了探讨2017年10月海南省一次O₃污染过程的气流轨迹、输送路径和潜在源区,采用海南省18个市县的AQI值、6类大气污染物质量浓度资料以及相关气象观测资料,结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型进行分析.结果表明:①2017年10月海南省有13个市县首要污染物为O₃的天数比例超过80%,其中9个市县达100%.2017年10月26日澄迈县和儋州市AQI值分别为171和151,均达中度污染等级,7个市县达轻度污染等级.②气象要素与AQI和污染物质量浓度之间均存在较好的相关关系,ρ(O₃)、AQI与相对湿度的相关系数分别为-0.701和-0.685,均通过了99.9%的信度检验.③卫星反演结果表明,此次污染过程与外源输送关系密切.影响气流主要来自内陆地区的长距离气流、中短距离气流和来自东南沿海的中短距离气流,三支气流影响时段对应的海口市AQI值分别为83、69和61,对应的ρ(O₃)分别为和135.0、119.6和102.3 μg/m3.④通过计算PSCF(潜在源贡献因子)和CWT(浓度权重轨迹)发现,广东省为海南省的主要潜在贡献源区,湖南省、江西省、江苏省、浙江省和福建省等地区也有一定的潜在贡献.研究显示,2017年10月海南省出现的O₃污染过程中,污染物来源以外源输送为主.      

2017年兰州市大气污染物输送来源及传输特征模拟分析

利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,结合兰州市AQI（空气质量指数）及常规大气污染物质量浓度数据,模拟研究了2017年1月1日-12月31日以兰州市为受点的大气污染物输送特征.通过聚类分析确定了抵达兰州市气团的主要输送途径和每类路径所对应的污染物质量浓度特征,并利用受体模型PSCF（潜在源贡献因子分析法）和CWT（权重浓度轨迹分析法）,分析了大气污染区域传输对兰州市空气质量的影响,探讨了影响兰州市空气质量的污染物输送来源和可能的潜在源区.结果表明,在影响兰州市的气流轨迹中,污染轨迹多来自兰州市以西和以北方向,污染轨迹约占总轨迹的39.52%,说明外部污染物的输入对兰州市空气质量具有重要影响.其中,第3类轨迹（对应来向为西）的气团对兰州市的空气质量有较大的影响,该类轨迹虽仅占总轨迹的15.21%,但其中污染轨迹数占56.76%,是影响兰州市空气质量的主要传输路径;第4类轨迹（对应来向为东南）的气团最为清洁.研究显示,对兰州市空气质量影响最大的强潜在源区主要分布在青海共和盆地、兰州市本地及周边区域,中等强度潜在源区为内蒙古自治区南部、宁夏回族自治区及甘肃省河西走廊等地区.      

天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究

利用HYSPLIT模型和全球资料同化系统(GDAS)气象数据,用聚类方法对2012年12月~2013年11月期间抵达天津的逐日72h气流后向轨迹按不同的季节进行归类.并利用相应的PM10和NO2浓度日监测数据,分析了不同季节气流轨迹对天津污染物浓度的影响.运用潜在源贡献(PSCF)因子分析法和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)分析法分别模拟了不同季节PM10和NO2潜在PSCF和CWT.结果表明,不同方向气流轨迹对天津PM10和NO2潜在源区分布的影响存在显著差异.天津PM10和NO2日均浓度最高值对应的气流轨迹均集中在冬、春和秋季等来自内陆的西北气流;夏季影响天津的气流轨迹主要来自西北和东南方向,对天津PM10和NO2的日均浓度贡献较小.天津PM10和NO2的PSCF与CWT分布特征类似,最高值主要集中在天津本地以及邻近的河北省和山东省,是天津这两种污染物主要潜在源区.     

阿克达拉大气本底站NO2输送路径及潜在源分析

基于HYSPLIT模式和全球资料同化系统气象数据（GDAS）,计算了2015年12月-2016年11月阿克达拉国家大气本底站48 h气流后向轨迹,并结合同期NO₂小时监测数据,综合运用聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹法（CWT）,分析不同季节气流轨迹对阿克达拉NO₂污染物浓度的影响,并揭示不同季节NO₂潜在污染源区分布及其贡献水平.结果表明：冬季来自东南方向的气流轨迹占比最高,春、夏、秋季气流轨迹主要来自西北方向,来自西北的长距离气流轨迹NO₂质量浓度较低;WPSCF表明重度污染网格出现在冬季的风口区如阿拉山口、达坂城谷地,四季中度污染网格出现在准噶尔盆地及周边地区、额尔齐斯河谷、哈萨克斯坦东部和俄罗斯南部;WCWT和WPSCF潜在源区分布较为一致,WCWT分析表明春、冬两季的NO₂贡献高值区污染程度大于夏、秋两季,春、冬两季NO₂污染网格贡献值为6~9 μg·m^-3,夏、秋两季污染网格贡献值集中在5~7 μg·m^-3.对于阿克达拉背景站点而言,NO₂污染物总体浓度水平较低,揭示其NO₂输送轨迹和污染源区,为区域大气污染联防联控提供重要参考.     

福州市区冬春季PM2.5污染特征与来源差异性分析

基于福州市区2015年2月—2016年1月间的大气PM_(2.5)监测数据,综合运用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式、潜在源贡献因子法(WPSCF)与浓度权重轨迹分析(WCWT)等方法,探讨了福州市区冬、春季PM_(2.5)污染特征和典型污染过程成因,总结了气象因子和污染来源的季节性差异.研究期间,冬、春季是福州市区PM_(2.5)污染的主要季节,福州市区不同类型站点的PM_(2.5)浓度在冬、春季污染发生时均呈现出整体升高的特点,但浓度日变化却存在季节性差异,冬季无显著日变化,春季则表现为单峰单谷特征.福州市区春季主要受锋前暖区和高压后部等天气系统影响,大气扩散条件差,PM_(2.5)极易在不利的气象条件下累积,福建沿海地区是其PM_(2.5)污染的主要潜在源区;冬季污染易受高压天气系统作用,盛行偏北风,长江三角洲地区的污染物输入会对福州市区空气质量产生较大影响,长江三角洲、浙江东南沿海、福建北部是其PM_(2.5)污染的主要潜在源区.     

苏锡常地区PM2.5污染特征及其潜在源区分析

利用2014年12月—2015年11月苏锡常地区国控大气环境质量监测站发布的逐时数据,分析了研究区PM_(2.5)浓度的季节变化和空间分布特征,并利用HYSPLIT模型分析了大气污染物的输送路径及苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)的潜在源区.结果表明,苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)浓度日均值变化趋势基本一致,均呈现冬季高、夏季低的规律.PM_(2.5)浓度四季空间差异显著,不同监测站之间的差异较小.四季PM_(2.5)浓度与其它污染物之间相关性显著.单位面积污染物排放量与空气质量分布的空间错位,表明该地区PM_(2.5)污染与区域性污染物迁移有较大关系.苏锡常地区气流后向轨迹季节变化特征明显,冬、春、秋季的气流主要来自西北内陆地区,夏季气流以东南和西南方向输入居多.聚类分析表明,来自内陆的污染气流和来自海洋的清洁气流是苏锡常地区两种主要输送类型,外源污染气流不仅直接输送颗粒物,还贡献了大量的气态污染物.山东南部、江苏西部、安徽东部、浙江北部及江西西北地区对苏锡常冬季PM_(2.5)浓度贡献较大,春、夏、秋季的潜在源区主要分布在苏锡常本地和周边城市.     

利用轨迹模式研究上海大气污染的输送来源

利用HYSPLIT4模式和全球资料同化系统(GDAS)气象数据,计算了2010年12月─2011年11月期间抵达上海的气流后向轨迹. 结合聚类方法和上海ρ(SO₂)、ρ(NO₂)、ρ(PM₁₀)数据,分析了各季节不同类型气流轨迹对污染物浓度的影响,利用引入权重因子后的潜在源贡献算法分析了不同季节PM₁₀和NO₂潜在WPSCF(源区分布概率)特征. 结果表明:上海气流输送季节变化特征明显. 冬、春和秋季,上海较易受到来自西北、西南等区域的大陆性气流影响,受沙尘或人为污染排放的影响相对较大,ρ(PM₁₀)、ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO₂)平均值相对较高,分别为162、74和53μg/m3. 夏季上海主要受较清洁的海洋性气流影响,ρ(PM₁₀)、ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO₂)相对较低,分别为47、19和36μg/m3. 上海PM₁₀和NO₂的WPSCF分布特征类似,在冬、春和秋季,WPSCF高值(0.2~0.4)主要集中在江苏南部,河南、安徽等地的带状区域也有一定贡献,说明这些区域是上海这2种污染物的潜在源区. 夏季WPSCF的分布较为集中,上海以外区域值基本小于0.1,说明外来污染输送的贡献较小.      

哈尔滨市大气污染物输送路径及潜在源区分析

该文采用空气质量指数(AQI)分析了2015-2019年哈尔滨市不同季节首要污染物的污染特征,利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式对近5年四季逐日72 h后向轨迹气流进行聚类分析,结合AQI数据,揭示哈尔滨市大气污染物传输路径及潜在源贡献因子和浓度权重轨迹的季节差异。结果表明:哈尔滨市优良天数占比从2015年的66%上升到2019年的83%,5年中2015年为大气污染较为严重的一年,5年来空气质量呈明显好转趋势。哈尔滨市大气污染呈现出不同的季节特征:优良天数平均值占比从高到低依次为夏季(94.6%)秋季(84.4%)春季(80%)冬季(53%),O3和PM2.5分别为空气质量最优的夏季与最差的冬季的首要污染物,春季和秋季首要污染物表现为由NO2和PM2.5复合型污染向以O3为主导的气态型污染转变。各季节轨迹分布与其所处的地理位置和季风气候密切相关,春季来自山东东部、渤海、辽宁、吉林到达哈尔滨的轨迹污染率最高;夏季污染率较高的气流轨迹均来自南部方向,主要传输方向自渤海越过山东东部到达青岛地区,经辽宁、吉林汇入哈尔滨;秋季污染率较高的轨迹分布最为分散,主要以近距离输送轨迹为主;冬季AQI值显著高于其他季节,可能与北方冬季进入燃煤采暖期,污染物排放增多有关,主要集中分布于西北方向输送进入哈尔滨,呈现出输送轨迹越短,污染率越高的特点,其中来自吉林的最短转向路径挟带的污染物浓度最高,其次为由俄罗斯东南部经内蒙古过吉林到达哈尔滨,说明吉林是影响哈尔滨市冬季大气污染物浓度偏高的主要地区。     

典型西南工业城市春冬季PM2.5来源与潜在源区分析——以柳州市为例

为了揭示柳州城区春冬季PM_2.5的来源及其潜在源区分布和贡献,利用2018年24h自动监测数据和气象数据对柳州市大气污染物浓度变化特征进行了分析,并且使用后向轨迹模型（HYSPLIT）对春冬季柳州市PM_2.5逐日72h气流后向轨迹和前向轨迹进行聚类分析,同时结合潜在源贡献因子分析法（WPSCF）和轨迹浓度权重法（WCWT）对其潜在源区和浓度贡献进行了分析.结果显示,（1）在研究期内,不利的主导风向和工业区布局导致研究区PM_2.5在春冬季污染较严重,且工业源和交通源是其主要本地来源;（2）春冬季PM_2.5高值主要来源于西北和东南方向,其中,西北向PM_2.5主要来源于本地排放,且浓度在空间上呈现西高东低的趋势;（3）春季后向轨迹PM_2.5浓度整体大于冬季,春冬季中对柳州市PM_2.5影响最大轨迹均来自东部的短距离输送,而来自西北的气流轨迹输对PM_2.5贡献最低.春冬季柳州市大气PM_2.5通过气流传输对贵州地区大气环境有较大影响;（4）春季,柳州市PM_2.5的主要潜在源区分布在广西东南部、广东中西部、南海沿岸海域、湖南中部、江西西北部、湖北东部及安徽西北部;冬季,主要分布在广西东南部、广东西南部和南海沿岸海域.     

2017年春夏期间南京地区臭氧污染输送影响及潜在源区

基于南京市空气质量数据与NCEP全球再分析资料,利用后向轨迹模式计算了2017年春夏（4~10月）到达南京城区逐时的24 h近地面气团后向轨迹,并将后向轨迹数据与臭氧质量浓度数据结合,进行轨迹聚类与潜在源区分析.结果表明,2017年南京市臭氧日最大8 h滑动平均浓度在12~261 μg·m^-3,超标共58 d,主要集中在春夏季.臭氧月变化呈现单峰状,其中6月臭氧浓度与超标天数最高,臭氧日变化总体呈单峰状,峰值浓度出现在14：00左右;模拟获得5136条轨迹,其中超标轨迹约占10%,超标轨迹月度分布差异较为明显,5、6两月合计占比约60%,经聚类分析得到气团输送路径共有6条,分别来自东北偏北、西北、西南、东南偏南、东南及东北方向,其中东南与东南偏南方向两类气团出现频率最高,分别为23.33%和20.76%,且对应的臭氧浓度较高,对南京臭氧污染贡献较大;潜在源区分析WPSCF与WCWT的高值区一致性较好,均揭示臭氧污染潜在源区主要分布在常州、无锡、苏州与湖州等环太湖城市,同时周边城市泰州、马鞍山、芜湖、滁州、南通与连云港等地是次要的潜在源区.臭氧污染区域输送贡献明显,需要强化长三角区域联防联控.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.