分层型水库藻类垂向演替的水质与细菌种群调控

浮游藻类和细菌是水生食物网的重要组成部分,在水源水库生态系统物质循环和能量流动方面发挥关键作用,藻类的空间演替与水体细菌种群代谢和结构演变关系密切.因此,本文以李家河水库为研究对象,在分析水库水质指标基础上,采用高通量DNA测序技术和Biolog技术,研究水库藻类暴发期,浮游藻类和细菌群落结构垂向演替特征及其与水质的偶联关系.结果表明,李家河水库在8月处于热分层期,水体pH、DO和NH~+_4-N随深度变化均逐渐降低(P0.001).藻密度和Chla呈现同步变化趋势(P0.001),表层最大分别为3 364.33×10~4 cells·L~(-1)和7.03μg·L~(-1).藻类群落结构在水深0 m和3 m处以微囊藻为主,而在水深6 m处,小环藻取代微囊藻成为最优藻属,相对丰度达57.28%.Biolog结果表明,微囊藻的暴发对细菌代谢活性及其相对丰度产生较大影响,但细菌种群代谢活性多样性变化不显著.高通量测序共发现1 420个OTUs,隶属于10个细菌门类,其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在不同水层均为最优门类,其相对丰度之和达50%以上;绿菌门(Chlorobi)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度随着水深增加发生显著变化,均在6 m深度达到最大值,分别为10.29%和6.78%,且与水层藻密度呈显著负相关(P0.05);厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)与藻密度呈显著正相关(P0.05).热图(Heat map)指纹图谱表明,李家河水库的细菌群落结构垂向分布差异显著,且随着水深的增加,细菌群落分布更均匀并趋于多样性.冗余分析(RDA)表明,细菌和藻类的群落结构的垂向分布受不同水质指标调控且差异显著.对水源水库藻类暴发期藻类与细菌群落的偶联机制进行探究,为水源藻华消涨的分子微生态驱动机制研究提供科学依据.     

棉秆炭调控对碱性镉污染水稻根际土壤真菌群落结构和功能的影响

为研究棉秆炭对碱性镉污染水稻根际土壤真菌多样性、结构及功能的影响,采用室外水稻盆栽试验,在土壤中添加了0、 1和8 mg·kg~(-1)的镉和炭土质量比分别为0%、 1%和5%的棉花秸秆生物质炭,以水稻成熟期根际土壤为研究对象,借助Illumina HiSeq高通量测序手段分析棉秆炭与镉污染条件对碱性水稻根际土壤真菌群落多样性、结构及潜在功能的影响,探寻不同土壤环境因子与真菌群落结构间的关联性.结果表明:①施用棉秆炭显著提高了土壤pH、速效养分和有机质等指标,并降低土壤中可还原态镉的含量(P0.05).②水稻根际土壤真菌菌门分布主要为子囊菌门、Aphelidiomycota门和壶菌门,占所有菌门的57%.菌属分布主要为被孢霉属、链格孢属和镰刀菌属.各处理间真菌群落α-多样性差异显著(P0.05).未添加棉秆炭处理下(C0),镉浓度的增加降低了土壤中壶菌门、被孢霉属和链格孢属的相对丰度和真菌多样性指数(Shannon指数).在不同浓度镉处理下(Cd0、 Cd1和Cd8),增加棉秆炭会降低真菌群落丰富度指数(Chao1指数)和Shannon指数.镉污染导致土壤中壶菌门相对丰度增多,却使子囊菌门丰度下降,施用棉秆炭可显著提升壶菌门的相对丰度(P0.05).镉污染使被孢霉属和链格孢属丰度下降,但是施用棉秆炭可使链格孢属相对丰度增多.增加棉杆炭施用量,土壤中会存在更多的内生菌、植物病原体和腐生菌;而镉污染程度增加会减少土壤中内生菌、植物病原体和腐生菌.③影响真菌群落多样性及结构的主要环境因子有土壤速效钾、有机质和pH.水稻土壤镉含量中占比最大的可还原态镉与轮形动物门、Aphelidiomycota门和子囊菌门呈显著正相关(P0.05),但与其它菌门呈负相关(P0.05).研究结果说明棉秆炭在碱性镉污染土壤微生态调控方面具有一定的作用.     

膨胀污泥中丝状菌的分离鉴定与特性分析

为了阐明膨胀污泥中的丝状菌种类和特性,利用培养法、显微镜检和分子生物学分析技术从城市污水处理厂的膨胀污泥中分离鉴定丝状菌,并对典型丝状菌进行特性分析.利用高氏一号培养基和淀粉培养基分离出的丝状菌可归入18个属,其中链霉菌属(Streptomyce)、细杆菌属(Microbacterium)属于放线菌门,其余均属于真菌.青霉菌属(Penicillium)、枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、毛孢子菌属(Trichosporon)在培养基上的出现频次较高.毛孢子菌、链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都能在pH中性或偏酸性条件下良好生长.高浓度的Na Cl能够抑制毛孢子菌和链霉菌,但对青霉菌和链格孢菌的抑制作用不明显.除毛孢子菌外,链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都可有效地利用蔗糖、淀粉和纤维素,碳源浓度增加会促进它们的生长.r DNA-ITS区高通量测序结果表明膨胀污泥中存在大量未知真菌.     

北京市夏季空气真菌生态分布特征

研究了北京市夏季空气真菌的群落结构和分布特征．结果表明,空气真菌优势菌属依次为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、无孢菌(non—sporulating mycelia)、青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus),其中枝孢属浓度占总浓度的47．2％,出现频率为100％,是绝对的优势真菌属．在不同的功能区,教区枝孢属最多,占53．5％,交通干线青霉属和链格孢属最多,分别占7．2％和24．3％．公园绿地无孢菌占31．7％,明显多于教区和交通干线,不同的环境条件能够改变空气真菌类群的浓度．公园绿地和教区空气真菌总浓度明显高于普通干线(P＜0．01)．空气真菌的粒子径主要分布在1．0—6．0um,约占总数的70％,呈对数正态分布．公园绿地空气真菌中值直径大于交通干线和教区,分别为2．50um,2．37um和2．04um．     

人工强制混合充氧对分层型水库细菌群落演替的影响

为深度解析人工强制混合充氧过程中细菌群落的演替，以西安金盆水库为研究对象，对2018年8月~2019年4月水库主库区垂向细菌种群结构进行连续监测.结果表明，受人工强制混合充氧作用影响，水库水体中的优势菌群蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）的丰度由11.7%~19.2%降至6.3%~8.9%.其中，表层、中层和底层水体蓝细菌的丰度分别由18.3%、11.7%、19.2%降至8.9%、6.3%、7.9%.人工强制混合作用使垂向水体细菌的种群结构差异降低，样本之间的离散度逐渐减小，其中优势菌群放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）在水体垂向的丰度分别由"中 > 底 > 表"和"表 > 底 > 中"，逐渐变为表、中、底层趋于均一.人工强制充氧作用使底部水体溶解氧（DO）含量逐渐升高，好氧型细菌的丰度得到明显的增加，其中Polynucleobacter的丰度从0.06%增加到1.06%，甲基孢囊菌属（Methylocystis）的丰度由0.18%增至2.20%，甲基杆菌属（Methylobacter）的丰度由0.02%增加到1.96%.通过冗余分析可知，影响细菌群落组成的主要因素为水体热分层稳定性、水温、DO、总磷（TP）和总氮（TN）.     

人工强制混合对金盆水库水体藻类群落结构时空演替的影响

为探明人工强制混合过程对水体藻类群落演替的作用影响机制,本研究利用扬水曝气系统对金盆水库主库区水体进行原位人工强制混合,对系统运行过程中水库水体理化参数及藻类进行原位定点监测.结果表明,金盆水库水体藻类共6门28属51种,扬水曝气系统的人工强制混合作用可显著抑制水体藻类的生长,并对其群落结构产生显著影响:扬水曝气系统运行前,藻类主要分布在表层水体,其中以小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为优势种属;扬水曝气系统运行后,表层水体藻密度大幅降低,藻密度垂向分布趋于均匀,优势种属有向小环藻属(Cyclotella sp.)演替的趋势.本研究利用冗余分析(RDA)方法,结合临界层理论(critical depth theory)和藻类生长特性,分析了人工强制混合过程中金盆水库水体藻类群落结构时空演替和主要理化参数变化之间的关系.分析结果表明,扬水曝气系统的人工强制混合作用主要通过迅速破坏水体热分层稳定性和显著增加水体混合深度(Z_(mix))来影响藻类群落结构的时空演替.     

城市居家环境空气真菌群落结构特征研究

居室环境质量的优劣与人类健康密切相关.成年人约80%～90%的时间是在室内度过,而且现代人们的生活越来越离不开空调,由于人体、房间和空调机在室内会形成了一个封闭的循环系统,容易使细菌、病毒、霉菌等微生物大量繁衍.因此,百货商场、学校教室、办公室和现代住宅等近年来成为了室内环境空气质量的研究热点.在北京市5个方向(东南西北中)共选取31户具有小孩的家庭于2009年11月～2010年10月进行试验,研究了城市居家环境空气真菌的群落结构特征.结果表明,从分离的225株空气真菌中共鉴定出24属,从鉴定出现的次数来看,其优势真菌属依次为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和茎点霉属(Phoma),其中青霉属出现的次数占分离菌株总数的36%.居家环境中青霉属、枝孢属、曲霉属、链格孢属、丛梗孢属(Monilia)的出现频率较高,其中青霉属的出现频率在90%以上;浓度百分比较高的真菌依次为青霉属、枝孢属、曲霉属、无孢菌和链格孢属,它们浓度总和约占总浓度的65.0%及以上,其中青霉属浓度百分比为32.2%.在北京市取样的31户家庭中,空气真菌浓度范围为62～3 498 CFU.m-3,平均值为837 CFU.m-3.空气真菌总浓度与枝孢属、曲霉属、链格孢属浓度的季节变化特征基本一致,夏季明显高于春季、秋季和冬季(P<0.05*),冬季浓度最低,而青霉属浓度的季节变化则表现为春季较高,夏季、秋季和冬季没有显著差异(P>0.05*).北京市居家环境空气真菌浓度男孩家庭明显高于女孩家庭(P<0.05*),并且家庭空气真菌浓度与人均居住面积呈显著负相关.     

不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布与细菌群落结构的关系

为探究不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布规律及其与细菌群落结构的关系,运用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了2018年1月澜沧江小湾、漫湾水库建库后沉积物细菌群落结构特征,并采用Cannoco软件对细菌群落与环境因子关系进行了冗余分析.结果表明,调查期间小湾水库水体表底温差3. 3℃,最大温度梯度为0. 2℃·m~(-1)属于分层水体,漫湾表底温差0. 1℃属于混合水体.小湾间隙水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N平均质量浓度分别为2. 233 mg·L~(-1)和0. 030 mg·L~(-1),漫湾分别为2. 569 mg·L~(-1)和0. 016 mg·L~(-1).间隙水NH_4~+-N在两个水库沉积物中均表现垂向向下增大的趋势,而NO_3~--N垂向变化则不明显但均在深层质量浓度最底,库区间比较来看,只有NO_3~--N具有极显著性差异,其中小湾明显高于漫湾.菌群分类发现,小湾与漫湾沉积物细菌群落具有相同的优势菌门和优势菌属,水温分层对间隙水营养盐及细菌群落结构无显著影响.而漫湾相比小湾沉积物中反硝化菌相对丰度更高,硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌相对丰度更低,同一库区沉积物深层中反硝化菌相对丰度较高,有机物降解菌、硝化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌和溶磷菌相对丰度较低,是造成沉积物营养盐库间差异和垂向差异的原因.     

曝气诱导内波破坏水库水温分层的机理

采用自行设计的分层水库物理模型,在温度梯度分别为0.18~0.60℃/cm条件下,分析了曝气诱导内波破坏模型水库有限水体水温分层的过程,探究了跃温层下潜速度与内波特征参数的关系,揭示了内波破坏水温分层的机理.实验结果表明:分层水体完全混合之前,曝气诱导的内波一直存在于跃温层内部;内波波幅在跃温层中部较大、边缘较小.破坏分层期间,跃温层从初始位置逐渐下潜至底部时,下潜速度从0.24m/s逐渐减小到0.08m/s,但内波持续时间、周期、波幅分别约逐渐变大100%、200%和33%;同等条件下,跃温层下潜速度随着温度梯度的增加而减小;内波在模型水库有限分层水体横向传播过程中,并未发生破碎现象,内波主要依靠流体质点垂向的上下移动促使水体混合,与海洋等开放水体中内波破碎导致水体混合的传统机理不同.     

夏季热分层效应对典型岩溶水库水化学及溶解无机碳的影响

热分层导致水库内部水化学、水生生物分布等出现显著的分层特征,并影响了水库内部的生物地球化学循环过程.为掌握夏季热分层期岩溶水库水体理化性质和溶解无机碳变化过程及其影响因素,以岩溶地下水补给型水库广西上林县大龙洞水库为研究对象,于2015年6月沿水库流程方向在8个点位开展分层采样及监测.结果发现:(1)水库夏季存在明显的热分层现象,水体pH、电导率(Spc)等理化性质出现分层结构;(2)水体溶解氧(DO)与叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度从表层至底层并没有呈现单一的递减趋势,而是在水面以下2.5 m或者5 m处达到最大值;(3)由表层至底层水体溶解无机碳(DIC)浓度整体上呈增加趋势,表层水体DIC平均浓度为2.03 mmol·L~(-1),底层平均浓度为4.18 mmol·L~(-1);其同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))在表水层偏正,在温跃层随水深增加逐渐偏负.分析认为:(1)由于夏季热分层效应,水库水体温度、水生生物的分布及新陈代谢的强度和方向在不同水层存在显著差异,致使水库水体理化性质、DIC均呈现垂向分层性特征;(2)DIC浓度变化在表水层主要受碳酸盐岩沉淀过程及浮游植物光合作用影响,进而影响水中DIC稳定同位素的分馏;在温跃层则主要由生物呼吸作用及有机质分解过程控制.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.