新安江水库河口区水质及藻类群落结构高频变化

水库库尾区的水环境多变,是水库生态系统突变的重要策源地.为探究大型水库水源地水环境演变特征及其突变的促发机制,以新安江水库为例,通过库尾河口断面18个月水质浮标的高频记录及3 d一次的藻类群落结构人工鉴定数据等,分析了气象水文过程影响下的水库库尾区的水温、溶解氧、浊度及营养盐等环境指标及藻类群落结构的高频变化特征,揭示了降雨、入流及季节温度变化等关键气象水文过程对水库水质及藻类群落结构的影响机制.结果表明:①在27 m深的河流入库区的水体温度和溶解氧存在明显的季节分层,相应水体藻类叶绿素a和营养盐等指标也同步发生分层,水温分层从气温达到14℃以上的3月中旬开始,至气温降至24℃后的10月中旬结束,期间较大降雨和入流多次破坏水温分层;②河道入库区水体氮、磷等营养盐变幅大,总磷浓度变幅为0. 011～0. 188 mg·L~(-1)之间,总氮浓度变幅为0. 75～2. 76 mg·L~(-1)之间,总磷和总氮中的溶解态占比分别为56%及88%,降雨入流对水体营养盐浓度影响巨大,3 d的累积降雨与水体氮、磷浓度显著正相关,3～6月(雨季)的营养盐含量明显高于其他月份(P 0. 001),藻类的季节性增殖反过来也会影响水体总磷浓度;③藻类群落结构及其优势属呈现明显的季节变化,在总体硅藻门类占优的背景下,蓝藻、绿藻、隐藻等在不同季节形成明显峰值,蓝藻在7～10月的夏秋季形成明显的生物量峰值,其峰值形成原因除了高温之外,还与暴雨入流有关.蓝藻主要优势属为束丝藻属(Aphanizomenon spp.)、微囊藻(Microcystis spp.)及颤藻(Oscillatoria spp.)等,绿藻峰值与蓝藻基本同步,优势属为盘星藻属(Pediastrum spp.)和新月藻属(Closterium spp.),隐藻在3～5月形成峰值,优势属为隐藻属(Cryptomonas spp.),硅藻门中的优势属分别为脆杆藻属(Fragilaria spp.)、小环藻属(Cyclotella spp.)、针杆藻属(Synedra spp.)及直链藻属(Melosira spp.)等;④入库流量、温度、水位、透明度、总氮、总磷及氮磷比等均为影响藻类优势属演替的主要因子,秋冬季节的控制因子为气象水文条件,而夏秋季节则受气象水文及营养盐的共同控制.本研究表明强降雨过程能对水库库尾区水环境及水生态系统结构产生巨大冲击,是水库藻类水华发生的可能诱发因子,通过对该过程的规律认识及关键指标监测,能够为水库水源地水质风险提供预警信息.     

苏南水库硅藻群落结构特征及其控制因素

为了解我国东南湿润区丘陵山地型水库硅藻的群落结构特征和控制因素,于2015年6月硅藻水华敏感期对苏南地区18座水库的浮游植物群落结构和水质进行调查,分析了营养盐、水深、库容等因素与硅藻及其它浮游生物的关系.结果表明,硅藻达到轻度水华水平(硅藻细胞含量介于100~1 000万cells·L~(-1))的水库有10座,对供水和景观功能产生明显影响;苏南地区水库普遍处于中营养和富营养水平,总氮浓度普遍偏高,磷及营养状态指数与硅藻生物量的关系密切;苏南地区水库中的浮游植物在数量上以蓝藻门中的席藻为主,在生物量上则以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主,其中硅藻门浮游植物平均占总浮游植物生物量的46.8%,是浮游植物异常增殖的主要门类;硅藻门中,主要是针杆藻、小环藻、曲壳藻和直链藻这4个种属占优,特别是针杆藻和小环藻,平均占硅藻总生物量的51.6%和21.4%;较深的水体,利于硅藻成为主要优势藻门;较大的水库流域库容比和较高总磷水平会导致水库营养水平和叶绿素浓度增加,促进浮游植物从硅藻门向绿藻门、蓝藻门演替,增加藻类危害的风险.因此,对于该地区水库,需要加强流域管理,并且针对水库自身的特点,包括水深、流域库容比等,确定其特定的富营养化控制策略,从而减少硅藻等藻类水华发生的风险,提升水源地水质安全保障能力.     

天目湖沙河水库浮游植物群落结构的时空异质性

为揭示水库浮游植物群落结构的时空异质性,以江苏省溧阳市天目湖沙河水库为例,基于8年逐月浮游植物群落结构及相关环境因子的连续监测结果,分析了水库河流区、过渡区及湖泊区浮游植物群落结构的季节差异及影响因素.结果表明,空间上营养盐、浊度和悬浮颗粒物等关键水质指标及浮游植物叶绿素a含量均呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,透明度呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,其中河流区的各环境因子与过渡区和湖泊区的空间差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05),而过渡区与湖泊区之间仅在透明度、浊度、悬浮颗粒物等物理参数方面差异显著;同样,浮游植物生物量上也呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,其中河流区与过渡区、湖泊区之间差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05),而过渡区与湖泊区之间则无显著性差异;但在浮游植物的优势属方面,河流区、过渡区、湖泊区基本一致,仅隐藻门生物量在河流区、过渡区、湖泊区具有显著性差异(ANOVA,P0.05),呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的特征.不同季节之间浮游植物群落结构差异较大:生物量在夏季最高,冬季最低;优势属在春季以针杆藻(Synedra)、小环藻(Cyclotella)、隐藻(Cryptomonas)和曲壳藻(Achnanthes)为主,夏季以针杆藻、隐藻、尖头藻(Raphidiopsis)、席藻(Phormidium)为主,秋季以隐藻、针杆藻、尖头藻、束丝藻(Aphanizomenon)为主,冬季以隐藻、针杆藻、曲壳藻和小环藻为主;其中针杆藻、隐藻为全年优势属.统计分析表明,水温、总磷、透明度是浮游植物时空差异的主要影响因子.研究表明,对于沙河水库这种换水周期为4个月的大(Ⅱ)型水库,虽然浮游植物总生物量在空间上有显著性差异,但群落组成上仅隐藻属的空间差异显著,多数浮游植物群落结构在空间分布差异较小,当浮游植物群落结构调查时可以适当减少观测点位,提高采样频次,以提高水库环境监测的样品代表性.     

汉丰湖夏季浮游植物群落与环境因子的典范对应分析

2013年6~8月对三峡库区汉丰湖的浮游植物群落进行了调查,共检出浮游植物7门72种,优势种为针杆藻、舟形藻、直链藻、卵形藻、栅藻、伪鱼腥藻、平裂藻.浮游植物在东河入口以硅藻为主,南河入口以蓝、绿藻居多.运用典范对应分析对浮游植物与环境因子关系进行研究.结果表明,东河入口物种受水体理化性质影响大,南河入口物种受营养盐含量影响大,影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因子为温度、溶解氧(DO)、p H、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、可溶性氮(DN)与可溶性磷(DP).     

太湖浮游硅藻时空演化与环境因子的关系

利用1992年至2002年每月1次的监测资料,系统分析了太湖北部3个区域(河口、梅梁湾、湖心)浮游硅藻(Planktonic diatoms)生物量周年变化和空间分布情况.同时,水中磷酸盐(PO43--P)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝氮(NO3--N)和硅酸盐(SiO23--Si)含量等相关资料也被用于解释太湖浮游硅藻时空分布的原因.结果显示,直链硅藻(Aulacoseira sp.)是太湖浮游硅藻的优势种,其它常见种有小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、针杆藻(Synedrasp.)等.硅藻总生物量占浮游藻类生物量百分比平均值约为20%.太湖浮游硅藻生物量在河口最大,梅梁湾其次,湖心最小,究其原因可能与河口的特殊生态环境(水流速度)有关,另外,河口丰富的营养盐,特别是磷酸盐和氨氮也是一个重要因素.温度可能是影响太湖浮游硅藻生物量季节变化的关键因素.Pearson相关分析证实,磷酸盐、氨氮和温度均与硅藻生物量显著相关(p<0.01),且蓝藻生物量百分比与硅藻生物量百分比呈显著负相关.研究结果说明,太湖浮游硅藻的生长分布受多种环境因子(磷酸盐、氨氮、温度)的影响限制,太湖浮游硅藻与蓝藻可能存在着竞争演替的趋势.     

老虎潭水库浮游植物群落组成及多样性变化

于2011年6月至2012年5月对浙江省湖州市老虎潭水库浮游植物进行了周年的生态学调查。调查期间共鉴定浮游植物7门60属96种,其中绿藻门46种,硅藻门21种,蓝藻门16种,甲藻门4种,隐藻门、裸藻门、黄藻门各3种,种类组成以绿藻门为主。浮游植物优势类群的季节演替明显,春季优势种呈现硅藻-蓝藻型,主要为短小曲壳藻(Achnanthes exigua);夏季则为硅藻型,主要优势种为尖针杆藻(Synedra acusvar);秋季呈绿藻-蓝藻型,主要优势种为拟鱼腥藻的一种(Anabaenopsis sp).;冬季则呈现硅藻型,主要优势种为颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)。生物多样性指数分析显示,Shannon-Wiener指数的年均值为1.87,则老虎潭水库处于中营养水平状态。     

2008年夏季飞云江口浮游植物分布特征及与环境因子的相关性

根据2008年夏季飞云江口海域生态与环境调查数据,分析了飞云江口浮游植物分布特征以及与环境因子的关系.结果表明:2008年夏季共鉴定浮游植物69种,其中硅藻类28属62种,甲藻类3属7种.主要的优势种为中肋骨条藻(Skele-tonema costatum)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia pungens)、柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia delicatissima)、环纹娄氏藻(Lauderia annulata)、菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)等.通过CCA梯度分析,影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子为盐度、营养盐、悬浮物、DO、pH,浮游植物不同种群受到的不同的环境因子的影响,甲藻受盐度的影响较大.而硅藻中的角毛藻受到铵盐和亚硝酸盐的影响较大,而中肋骨条藻、尖刺拟菱形藻、菱形海线藻等主要优势硅藻受到环境因子的限制较少.     

三峡水库运行初期小江回水区藻类群落季节变化特点

根据对三峡小江(澎溪河)回水区2007年5月～2008年5月藻类的跟踪观测,分析了在水库蓄水运行初期小江回水区藻类的群落结构组成和演替特点.结果发现藻类的细胞密度和生物量春季最高,冬季最低,细胞密度的最高值达到421.64×105cells·L-1,而最低值只有2.06×105cells·L-1;生物量的最高值是39231.84μg·L-1,而最低值为226.17μg·L-1.从2007年5月～2008年5月在小江共鉴定出藻类7门,101属,262种,其中绿藻51属占50.5%、硅藻22属占21.8%、蓝藻18属占17.8%,此外,甲藻4属、隐藻2属、裸藻3属、黄藻及其他1属.隐藻、小球藻、小环藻、栅藻、卵囊藻、衣藻、弓形藻、直链藻、冠盘藻和针杆藻是小江回水区段的常见藻属.星杆藻、直链藻、空星藻、小球藻、栅藻、集星藻、网球藻、鱼腥藻、束丝藻、平裂藻、角甲藻、多甲藻和隐藻等12个藻属是小江回水区不同季节的优势藻属.     

南水北调东线湖泊针杆藻属分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

针杆藻属(Synedra)是常见的淡水藻类,饮用水源中针杆藻属的暴发式增长会严重影响水厂正常运行.为明确南水北调东线调蓄湖泊针杆藻属的时空分布特征及其与环境因子的相关性,于2011年3月—2013年5月在东线四湖(即洪泽湖、骆马湖、南四湖和东平湖)逐月采样进行调查研究.结果表明,监测期内洪泽湖、骆马湖、南四湖和东平湖针杆藻属密度最大值分别为442.0×104、549.3×104、301.6×104和795.4×104 L-1,尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)是东线四湖针杆藻属的优势种.非度量多维尺度(non-metric multi-dimensional scaling,NMDS)分析表明,东线四湖针杆藻属的分布特征存在一定差异,东平湖和骆马湖针杆藻属分布特征更加相似.Pearson相关性分析(Pearson correlation analysis)表明,影响东线四湖针杆藻属生长的环境因子主要是表层水温、透明度、ρ(DO)和ρ(TN),其中表层水温是最主要的影响因素.      

不同营养条件对地表水藻类生长的影响

通过固定氮源、磷源和氮磷比,设置5组不同氮、磷浓度的水体,对地表水进行短期培养。主要观测不同营养浓度对藻密度、叶绿素a、藻种多样性及优势种的影响,以及藻类生长对水体p H、溶解氧、浑浊度的影响。结果表明,总磷是该地表水藻类爆发的关键限制因子。总氮含量1.0 mg/L、总磷含量0.1 mg/L时可形成轻度硅藻水华,藻密度为6 130万/L。总氮含量为3.0 mg/L、总磷含量为0.3 mg/L时可形成重度绿藻水华,藻密度为1.08亿/L。低盐水体初中期优势种为针杆藻,后期藻种多样性最多但没有优势种,中盐水体优势种由针杆藻演替为水棉,高盐水体优势种由针杆藻演替为栅藻。叶绿素a和藻密度的变化趋势呈显著的正相关性,实验初期水体营养浓度越高,藻密度和叶绿素a越小;中后期两者关系相反。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.