河流类型永久性保护生态区域保护与修复对策研究——以天津市滨海新区为例

保护和修复永久性保护生态区域,构建与优化国土生态安全格局,对于有效加强生态环境保护与监管、保障生态安全、促进经济社会的协调可持续发展具有极为重要的历史意义和现实意义。本文以天津市滨海新区为例,在对境内永久性保护生态区域调查的基础上,深入分析河流类型永久性保护生态区域存在的问题,并提出对策建议。     

"引水济昆"饮用水源地保护对策研究

“引水济昆”工程是云南省最大的一项城市水源工程，水源地的保护事关重大。应从管理、社会经济发展限制、污染控制、生态保护和水库运行控制等方面采取若干措施，切实保证水源地水库水质的安全。     

关于我国生态安全问题的思考

生态安全问题是有关一个国家发展、进步的基础安全问题。章介绍了有关生态安全的概念、我国生态安全存在问题及危害，并提出保护我国生态安全的建议。     

论江河洪水调蓄区多元生态功能的法律保护

因为现有关于江河洪水调蓄区的立法只是将调蓄洪水当作蓄滞洪区的唯一功能进行保护,而没有充分考虑生态安全问题。所以,本文从维护生态安全的角度论述对江河洪水调蓄区多元生态功能进行法律保护的必要性。并且,通过对生态安全属性的分析揭示了现有立法不能适应江河洪水调蓄区多元生态功能保护的需要。法律理应通过保护对象、保护方法和保护主体的革新,从“单一蓄滞洪水功能保持”逐渐过渡到。多元生态功能保护”。     

论黑龙江省饮用水水源地保护

中国政府高度重视饮水安全问题。保护好饮用水源,加强饮用水安全是时代的重任。本文论述了黑龙江省饮用水水源地保护工作现状和饮用水水源地水质现状,回顾了全省历史上重大环境污染和突发事故,探讨了饮用水源地水环境质量下降因素,提出了饮用水水源地保护建议。     

梁一元：打响候鸟保卫战

梁一元，为了保护候鸟，他租下荒地为鸟儿筑起安全的栖息地；为了保护候鸟，他不惜与捕鸟者刀锋相见。     

生态保护红线生态环境监督的基本原则与核心任务

生态保护红线是国家和区域必须要严格保护的生态空间，是国家生态安全的底线和生命线。为切实守护好生态保护红线，维护国家生态安全，有效规范生态保护红线监督工作，近日生态环境部制定印发《生态保护红线生态环境监督办法（试行）》。本文从生态保护红线生态环境监督的政策背景、战略意义、基本原则、核心任务等方面进行解读，为全国各地区推动构建生态保护红线生态环境监督体系提供参考。     

推进生态保护红线落地 保障生态文明制度建设

划定生态保护红线是规范和约束各类开发利用活动,保障国家和区域生态安全的必然举措,是全面深化改革,加快推进生态文明制度建设与创新的重要任务。在总结我国生态保护红线划定理论与实践基础上,揭示了生态保护红线划定与管理过程中面临的问题与挑战,据此提出建立完善生态保护红线制度体系的对策建议,为推动生态保护红线战略的实施提供借鉴。     

西辽河流域赤峰段水资源现状及保护对策

本文从西辽河赤峰段水资源分布、利用和水质现状出发，分析了水资源保护方面存在的问题，介绍了赤峰市在维护西辽河水源水质安全方面所做的工作，提出生态价值观、生态补偿概念和进一步加强水源涵养区、水资源、湿地保护的对策。     

美国濒危物种保护的安全港协议制度及其启示

美国安全港协议制度为保护濒危物种而制定,是土地所有者与美国环境保护机构之间签订的自愿协议。协议承诺,只要土地所有者同意采取措施保护濒危物种及其栖息地,即使后期土地上濒危物种数量增加,政府也不会对土地使用施加额外的限制。美国安全港协议适用于非联邦所有土地上的濒危物种及其栖息地保护,通过提供监管的确定性换取对物种保护的承诺,以灵活的政策激励土地所有者自愿参与保护,在这一过程中政府与土地所有者相互退让促使协议达成。基于安全港协议制度的启发,我国应在保护野生动物的过程中妥善处理土地利用与野生动物保护之间的矛盾冲突,充分发挥激励性保护措施的作用,重视对野生动物栖息地保护,提高野生动物保护的公众参与度。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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