试论海南省周边海岛开发利用存在的问题和对策

海南省周边海岛资源丰富,开发前景广阔,但海岛生态系统也极其脆弱,抵抗外来的干扰能力很差,一旦破坏很难恢复。同样海岛开发也面临诸多问题,主要包括海岛管理、海岛生态环境、海岛开发利用、海岛自然灾害和国防安全五个方面问题。本文通过对海南省海岛的利用现状、存在的问题进行综合分析,最后提出了海岛开发对策,为保护和合理开发利用海岛资源,促进海洋经济强省建设,助推海南省国际旅游岛建设都具有非常积极意义。     

关于海洋人工生态系统理论范式的思考

本文针对新时期我国海洋资源养护与生态环境整治修复的理论缺失问题,在分析人工生态系统概念内涵的基础上,提出海洋人工生态系统概念,剖析了海洋人工生态系统组成结构与理论内涵,建立了包括海洋人工生态系统方案规划、海洋人工生态系统生态工程建设和海洋人工生态系统适应性管理在内的海洋人工生态系统构筑范式,并分析了这种海洋人工生态系统理论范式在海洋环境生态修复、海洋牧场建设和人工海岛生态系统营造方面的应用价值,以期为新时期我国海洋生态文明建设探索生态系统生态学理论引导模式。     

论海岛的生态建设

本文从生态学角度详细论述了我国海岛的生态建设的几个重要方面。指出海岛生态建设主要内容和特点,在海岛的生态建设中必须做好环岛浅海滩涂渔业生态建设、海岛陆域农业生态建设和建立海岛自然保护区等几项工作,并就上述问题提出应采取的对策,使海岛的开发利用和环境保护有机地结合起来,也为海岛的资源综合调查和环境管理提出重要建议。     

中国海岛生态系统保护与开发综合权衡方法初探

应用生态学、生态经济学、环境地学等相关理论与方法初步探讨了海岛生态系统保护与开发宏观及局部区域层面的博弈权衡评估方法:从宏观战略层面提出了综合考虑海岛生态服务价值、开发适宜性、现有开发强度三个方面重要因素的区域准则,以判断哪些无人岛可以上岛开发哪些则需禁止开发,同时还能判断哪些有人岛开发不足可作为重点开发对象,哪些则开发过度需要限制开发和优化开发;从局部区域层面提出了海岛开发之前需要重点评估的供给功能、生命支持功能、生态调节功能、信息功能、干扰调节功能等的生态系统服务功能价值以及评估方法。这些博弈权衡评估方法对指导海岛有序开发以及实现海岛生态与经济共赢具有重要意义。     

海岛生态系统承载力空间分异性评估——以庙岛群岛南部岛群为例

构建了一套能够反映陆海双重特征及其空间分异性的海岛生态系统承载力评估模型,以庙岛群岛南部岛群为研究区开展应用.结果显示:研究区生态系统总体上处于轻度超载状态,其中岛陆子系统为轻度超载,环岛近海子系统为临界超载.不同海岛中,南长山岛、北长山岛和庙岛为轻度超载,小黑山岛和大黑山岛为临界超载,其他5个海岛为可载.空间分布上,海岛生态系统承载力表现出了显著的异质性特征,不同承载力等级分区面积由大到小依次为临界超载区、轻度超载区、可载区、中度超载区和重度超载区.控制建设规模、优化开发布局、改进利用方式以及开展合理的生态建设,是提升海岛生态系统承载力的重要途径.     

基于资源环境承载力的海岛生态系统适应性管理——以温州市洞头区为例

海岛资源环境承载力评估能够识别生态系统的胁迫因子,明确海岛资源保护与开发的阈值界限,对于管控海岛及其邻近海域生态系统的生态环境具有重要意义。本文选择用海矛盾日益突出的海岛县洞头作为研究区,基于承载力的PSR概念模型,运用GIS空间分析、多指标评价等技术方法,从人-海复合生态系统的角度构建了海岛资源环境承载力的综合评价体系,对区域海岛生态系统的恢复力、资源环境容纳能力和抗干扰能力进行了量化,获得了洞头区压力、承压和响应调节系统的空间分异格局,据此探讨了洞头区在海陆边界、自然条件、社会经济发展等方面的不确定性,进而提出了海岛生态适应性管理的策略和措施。结果表明,洞头区资源环境承载力综合评价指数介于0.5~1.7之间,总体承载状况较好,现阶段仅有12%的海域处于超载状态,未来需从缓解人类社会经济活动压力、保持资源环境承压能力和提高系统反馈调节能力三个方面出发,开展适应性管控。     

我国热带海岛开发利用存在的生态环境问题及其对策研究

文章论述了我国热带海岛开发利用的历程。从环境污染、生态破坏和全球气候变化的影响等3个方面分析了面临的生态环境问题,主要体现在:海域污染和陆域污染;防风林、红树林、珊瑚礁生态系统的破坏,生物资源的过度开发;在全球变化和相对海平面上升影响下,自然灾害(风暴潮、海岸侵袭、海水入侵等)频繁对海岛生态环境带来新的危害,进一步加剧热带海岛的生态环境问题。最后提出热带海岛生态环境保护对策与建议:建立有效的海岛综合管理体系和机构;控制海上流动污染源和岛源污染;加强宣传,提高公众的海岛生态保护意识;加强海岛海岸带资源环境工程建设。     

海岛旅游开发生态影响及保护对策研究

海岛是相对独立的地理单元,生态系统较为脆弱,旅游开发将对海岛带来环境影响.为保护和利用海岛的旅游资源和自然环境,以蜈支洲岛旅游开发为例,采用矩阵法识别海岛开发生态影响因子,建立了水土流失、土壤、沙滩、植被、保护动植物、珊瑚、珊瑚生态、景观等评价指标体系,采用模型预测和类比分析等方法预测、分析和评价旅游开发活动的生态影响,并提出减缓对策,从而避免旅游开发造成岛屿的生态破坏,维护岛屿生态系统的完整性.     

基于DPSIR模型的海岛生态安全综合评价

结合海岛生态系统的特点,根据海岛生态安全的概念,基于DPSIR模型建立了反映海岛生态系统自身完整性、健康性、对外服务性和不受威胁的海岛生态安全评价框架体系。采用熵权法确定指标权重并用纵横比较的方式综合分析长海县海岛生态安全。主要的特点有：一是将海岛生态安全内涵纳入DPSIR框架建立评价指标体系,保证了适用性和权威性;二是探索了静动结合的综合评价方法,反映了海岛生态安全的稳定性和发展性;三是综合考虑自然-经济-社会复合生态系统,分析了海岛生态安全的调控性和人类干扰性。按照2006--2010五年样本数据识别出长海县生态安全的关键因素。     

海岛生态系统承载力不确定性分析——以庙岛群岛南部岛群为例

从人-自然耦合的复合生态系统角度,考虑社会经济发展与生态系统之间的交互作用,借鉴指标体系概念框架,提出了包含海岛基础承载力（FCCI）和海岛现实承载力（RCCI）两个综合指数的海岛生态系统承载力（EBCCI）评估方法,并以北方典型海岛庙岛群岛为例,评估了庙岛群岛南部岛群生态系统承载力。为提高评估结果的准确性,提出了参数导致评估结果不确定性的计算方案,给出了不同置信度下不确定性度量方法。结果显示,在95%的置信水平上,庙岛群岛南部岛群RCCI得分区间为[0.6908,0.7348],不确定度为4.4%,FCCI得分区间为[0.7949,0.8417],不确定度为4.68%,社会支持能力（SSCI）得分区间为[0.8612,0.8863],不确定度为2.51%,社会经济发展较好地支持了基础生态功能的实现。通过引入对模型参数的不确定性分析,提出了一种新的承载力估计方法,用区间代替单一值来衡量生态系统承载力,使结果更加准确可信。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.