陶瓷碎片基质人工湿地处理污染河水的应用

选取陶瓷碎片废弃物作为基质,芦苇和菖蒲作为湿地植物,构建潜流人工湿地系统,对城市纳污河道内的污染河水进行处理。水力负荷为15cm/d,考察了在较高浓度进水(CODCr和氨氮浓度分别为40~70mg/L和10~35mg/L)和较低浓度进水(CODCr和氨氮浓度分别为15~30mg/L和0.3~3mg/L)2种工况下系统的运行效果。结果表明,在较高浓度进水情况下,系统对CODCr、氨氮的平均去除率分别为10.0%和42.4%;在较低浓度进水情况下,系统对CODCr、氨氮的平均去除率分别为38.5%和63.0%。陶瓷碎片是一种经济有效的湿地基质。     

厌氧-好氧移动床生物膜工艺处理冰淇淋废水的试验研究

研究了厌氧污泥复合床 好氧移动床生物膜反应器串联工艺 ,处理冰淇淋生产废水的工艺性能和影响因素。试验结果表明 ,在进水CODCr 浓度平均为 3 0 0 0mg L ,厌氧反应器容积负荷 7～ 2 0kg m3·d ,好氧反应器容积负荷 1～5kg m3·d ,系统总水力停留时间 13 1～ 2 8h的条件下 ,该串联工艺的CODCr总去除率大于 90 %     

曝气生物活性炭滤池深度处理垃圾渗滤液的效能研究

为了考察曝气生物活性炭滤池(BACF)深度处理垃圾渗滤液的效能,研究了填料填充度、曝气位置、气水比、水力停留时间和p H等影响因素对滤池去除有机物、氨氮和总氮的影响。结果表明,最佳的工艺运行条件为:填料填充度为80%,底部曝气,气水比为3:1,水力停留时间为8 h,p H为7~8。在最佳工艺条件下运行反应器,COD、氨氮和TN平均去除率分别达到85%、90%和57%,出水可达到实验设定水质要求。BACF具有较强的抗有机负荷能力,进水COD浓度在323至3 000 mg/L之间时,COD去除率稳定在80%。反应器受氨氮冲击负荷影响较大,氨氮进水浓度低于90mg/L时,出水可达到要求。     

二段曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的试验研究

对二段曝气生物滤池处理生活污水进行了试验研究 ,探讨了生物膜的形成及供气量、水力停留时间对处理效果的影响。结果表明 :在上、下进气口分别按气水比 3:1和 1:1,HRT 9 8h ,进水CODCr浓度 16 3 5 4～ 30 9 6 5mg/L条件下 ,CODCr去除率平均为 88 6 3% ,SS去除率平均为 85 44 % ,TN去除率平均为 38 6 9% ,出水CODCr降至 2 2 45～2 9 45mg/L ,SS降至 18～ 2 6mg/L。     

一体化A/O工艺中溶解氧对脱氮除碳的影响

根据好氧-缺氧生物脱氮的工艺原理,设计了一体化A/O反应器,并就DO对其脱碳、脱氮处理效果的影响进行研究。结果表明,在水力停留时间HRT=12h,进水COD为300mg/L左右时,COD的平均去除率为93%。当好氧区DO在5mg/L左右时,脱氮效率最高,TN去除率达到70%。当好氧区DO为3￣4mg/L时,氨氮和总氮的去除可达到动态一致,它们的去除率均在50%～60%之间。     

山东某淀粉厂污水处理改造工程

介绍了采用UASB SBR工艺处理淀粉废水的工程实例 ,UASB反应器采用中温消化 ,水力停留时间 32h ,有机负荷 7～ 8kg m3 ·d ,CODCr去除率大于 90 %。SBR池周期为 12h ,滗水率 5 0 %。在进水平均CODCr=10 0 0 0mg L时 ,处理后出水CODCr<15 0mg L ,可达标排放     

UASB技术处理中小城镇生活垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

本文针对目前中小城镇生活垃圾渗滤液处理的现状 ,运用上流式厌氧污泥床 (UASB)处理垃圾渗滤液 ,反应器容积 131.6 2 L ,发酵温度 17～ 31℃ ,进水 CODCr5 0 0 0～ 12 0 0 0 mg/L ,有机负荷 7～ 12 Kg CODCr(m3· d) ,HRT为 19～2 7h,CODCr去除率达到 90 % ,取得较好的效果。并研究了系统的启动控制条件及有机污染物去除效果影响因素 ,获得了重要的控制参数 ,如运行温度、容积负荷率、水力停留时间、污泥负荷率等 ,为 UASB处理垃圾渗滤液找到了可行的途径。     

生物活性炭滤池修复地表水的研究

采用自行设计的生物滤池反应器去除地表水中的氮,考察了HRT、水力负荷和氨氮负荷对生物滤池出水水质的影响。结果表明:系统TN去除率随水力负荷的增加而下降,氨氮去除率无明显变化,水力负荷小于1.2 m3/(m2·d),TN去除率达到54%以上;在进水氨氮质量浓度为14.52~17.44 mg/L条件下,HRT为10 h时,生物滤池对氮去除效果较好;当HRT为6 h,进水氨氮负荷增加到0.048 kg/(m3·d)以上,氨氮和TN平均去除率分别为96%和31%。     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理高含氮废水的研究

采用实验室规模的亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺,研究其对高含氮、低C/N废水的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器的水力停留时间控制在1.0d时,亚硝化活性比较稳定,进水氨氮浓度对其影响不大.进水氨氮浓度在400～600 mg/L时,出水亚硝酸氮浓度都在260～280 mg/L,可以通过控制进水氨氮浓度调节出水亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率.亚硝化反应器出水的亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率对厌氧氨氧化脱氮率有重要的作用.当进水氨氮浓度为480 mg/L时,出水中亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.2左右,进入厌氧氨氧化反应器的氮物质去除率达到     

MBR处理城市生活污水的研究

对膜生物反应器(MBR)深度处理生活污水的工艺特性进行了研究,其结果表明:膜生物反应器对生活废水中化学需氧量(CODG),氨氮(NH5-N),具有较高的去除率,出水CODG质量浓度为30～50 mg/L去除率高达84%,NH3-N质量浓度为0.3～2.0 mg/L去除率高达98%,满足中水回用的要求;TP质量浓度为0.3-2 mg/L,去除率仅为33%.不同水力停留时间下去除效果的比较表明:MBR处理微污染水时的最佳水力停留时间为8 h.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.