粉煤灰/工业污泥烧结陶粒的制备与应用

以粉煤灰和工业污水处理站的剩余污泥为主要原材料，采用烧结法研制复合陶粒。分析了不同配方和不同烧结温度对陶粒性能的影响，以陶粒吸水率．容重为评价指标确定最佳配比和最佳烧结温度。提出用陶粒铺设景观水底，治理城市水体．并对其进行了可行性分析。粉煤灰／污泥陶粒的容重为0．79～0．9g／cm^3，吸水率为68．95％-80．01％。陶粒对水中氨氮和总磷吸附容量分别为0．03～0．05mg／g和0．01-0.02mg／g。     

利用人工湿地处理云南高原湖泊入湖河水的净化效果分析

对5个典型人工湿地进行分析,结果表明：人工湿地对各水质指标的去除率分别为：SS为70％～80％,TN及NH3-N约为30％～50％,TP约为20％-40％,CODcr约为40％～50％;TN、NH3-N及TP去除率基本上是随着进水浓度的上升而逐渐下降。CODcr及SS则是随着进水浓度的下降而逐渐下降;人工湿地的TN削减量为28～33kg／d,NH3-N为5．3-7．34kg／d,TP为1．4～1．7kg／d,CODcr为250—320kg／a,SS为120～300kg／d;人工湿地的污染物表面负荷平均去除量TN为2．00g／m^2。d,NH3-N为0．53g／m^2·d,TP为2．32g／m^2·d,CODcr,为19．24g／m^2·d,SS为374．71g／m^2·d。     

垃圾渗滤液电化学催化氧化法深度处理研究

研究利用电化学催化氧化法深度处理经生物处理后的垃圾渗滤液时，电压、氧化时间、氯离子浓度及温度对有机物降解的影响。试验结果表明：在电压3．5V，电流密度为7．0mA／cm^2．氧化时间2．5h．氯离子的浓度2000mg／L的条件下，垃圾渗滤液的CODCr由464．0mg／L降低到200．0mg／L，NH3^-N的去除率大于95％。     

热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃

建立热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、溴仿等5种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。该方法在一定浓度范围内工作曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0．9990～0．9998之间,加标回收率在94．0％～106．6％之间,RSD为2．18％-7．62％,检出限为0．22μg／m3～0．30μg／m3。该方法具有操作简单、分析快速、准确度高、灵敏高的特点,用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃,结果令人满意。     

南京市大气中PM10、PM2.5日污染特征

于2001年秋季(11月)、夏季(8月)对南京市五大典型功能区的大气颗粒物(PMl0、PM2.5)进行了监测研究。结果发现，南京市颗粒物污染严重，PMl0、PM2．5的超标率分别达到了65％、85％；颗粒物浓度季节变化大，11月污染物浓度明显大于8月，PMl0、PM2．5分别相差l68.44μg／m^3、190．1μg／m^3；PMl0中PM2．5比重较大，大约为75．9％，对人体健康潜在危害大。     

一体化设备处理某乡镇微污染地下水工艺研究

针对乡镇地下水微污染的特点,研究石英砂一沸石过滤器、膜组件与紫外线消毒器一体化设备处理效果,当进水浊度在15—36NTU,出水浊度达0．2—0．5NTU,去除效率达98％-99．3％;进水氨氮浓度范围为0．4～1．4mg／L,反应3．5min后出水的氨氮浓度小于0．5mg／L;微生物指标去除率为100％。采用一体化设备处理乡镇微污染地下水可行。     

嵌入式碳纳米管电极差分脉冲伏安法测定湖泊沉积物中铅

制备嵌入式多壁碳纳米管修饰石墨电极（ESCFE）,利用循环伏安法研究铅（Pb）的电化学行为及反应机理,结果表明,铅在修饰电极表面出现了一对明显的准可逆的氧化还原峰,发生了2质子的电化学氧化反应。用差分脉冲伏安法研究了铅离子浓度与其峰电流的线性关系,线性范围为1．8×10^-7～1．0×10^-5g／L,线性方程为：ipa（μA）=0．12＋1．471c×10^6（g/L）,r=0．9999,检出限为6．0×10^-8g／L,RSD％为1．015（n=5）。利用本法对湖泊沉积物中铅进行测定,样品铅含量：0．218～0．6317mg／kg,RSD：3．3％～6．2％,加标回收率：94．3％-106．6％。     

流动注射-分光光度法测定工业废水中的Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋

将Fe^2 与邻菲啰啉的显色反应引入流动注射系统，用盐酸羟胺将Fe^3 预先还原，0～6μg/ml的Fe^2符合比耳定律，检测出限0．11μg／ml。0．25μg／mlFe^2 经5次测定的标准偏差为2．2％，进样频率为120次／h，回收率98．5～104％。对工业废水中铁的测定取得了满意的效果。     

杭州湾生态监控区浮游动物多样性研究

根据2004年5、8月2个航次杭州湾生态监控区浮游动物的监测资料,对浮游动物的种类组成和多样性进行了研究。结果表明,2个航次杭州湾生态监控区共监测到浮游动物49种,隶属于11大类,以桡足类为主,有21种;水母类5种;糠虾类4种;毛颚类3种;幼虫7种;磷虾类、樱虾类、端足类、十足类和多毛类各1种,其他类4种。生物量在8．3-400．0 mg／m3,栖息密度在22．5-285．0个／m3,平均栖息密度为116．25个／m3;5月大于8月。多样性指数在1．64-3．41,5、8月杭州湾浮游动物的多样性阈值平均为1．7、2．1,多样性水平Ⅲ级,显示杭州湾生态监控区浮游动物多样性较好。     

氟对人造花岗岩熔体密度的影响

用扫描热量计和膨胀计组合研究了含F人造花岗岩玻璃和液体的密度和热膨胀系数。4．55wt％F的加入（以F2O-1形式）使人造花岗岩液体（750℃）的密度由2．295±0．006g／cm3降至2．261±0．005g／cm3。随F2O-1的加入，液体（750℃）的膨胀系数由29．9±3．0×10－6／℃增高至53．1±1．4×10－6／℃。在人造花岗岩和F2O-1组分的基础上将密度转换成摩尔体积。750℃时这些熔体中的F2O-1的偏摩尔体积经计算是14．2±1．3cm3／mol．此值接近于硅酸盐熔体中几种组分的每个氧原子的摩尔体积。F和O具有相同的离子和共价半径，因此，假如阳离子的平衡配位数不产生附加影响的话，两个F置换一个O则可大致产生所预期的体积变化。这是从淬火熔体中得到的反对这些组成中存在Al的证据。F比B2O2能更有效地降低人造花岗质熔体的密度。本研究报道的F对密度的影响，对F2O-1在明显加速重力驱动富F岩浆体系中的晶体-熔体分异过程中对花岗质熔体粘度降低的影响是一个补充。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.