蓖麻对镉的耐性、积累及与镉亚细胞分布的关系

本研究以淄蓖麻3号为供试材料,通过营养液栽培实验,研究了不同Cd浓度(0、10、25、50、100、200、400μmol·L-1)对蓖麻生理特性、镉积累和亚细胞分布特征的影响,揭示镉细胞分布特征对镉耐性与积累的影响.结果表明,镉处理对蓖麻叶片丙二醛含量影响不显著,叶绿素含量则对镉具有较强的敏感性,可作为蓖麻镉耐性的评价指标.随着营养液镉含量的增加,蓖麻根、茎、叶镉含量均呈上升趋势,各器官镉含量呈现出根茎叶的分配特征,根系对镉具有较强的积累能力和滞留作用.镉在蓖麻根系和叶片各亚细胞组分的含量均为可溶组分细胞壁细胞器,随着镉胁迫的增加,蓖麻根系细胞壁中镉的相对含量呈增加趋势,可见液泡区隔化和细胞壁固持是蓖麻应对镉胁迫的重要耐性机制.镉在蓖麻体内的茎-叶转移系数为0.35~0.62,而根-茎转移系数仅为0.02~0.11,可见镉从根系向茎的转移能力较弱是降低蓖麻地上部镉富集的重要原因.统计分析表明,蓖麻根系镉的亚细胞分布特征对镉从根向茎的迁移转化能力有显著影响.根-茎转移系数随着根系细胞壁和细胞器镉分配比例的增加而递减,随可溶组分镉分配比例的增加而递增.     

NTA对玉米体内Cu、Zn的积累及亚细胞分布的影响

通过向多金属复合污染土壤中加入螯合剂氨三乙酸(NTA)并运用差速离心法研究了NTA对玉米根、茎和叶中Cu、Zn亚细胞分布的影响.结果表明:Cu和Zn在玉米细胞内的分布特征与其吸收和富集重金属能力密切相关,NTA能显著促进Cu和Zn在玉米体内的吸收和积累并且影响重金属在细胞壁和液泡内的分布.在玉米细胞内,细胞壁是Cu的主要结合位点,其次为含液泡的细胞质部分,只有少量的Cu分布在叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核等细胞器组分中;Zn更趋向于分布在以液泡为主的细胞质中,并且在细胞器中也有较高的分布.在NTA诱导下,Cu和Zn在液泡内的分布呈强化趋势,有从细胞壁向细胞质转移的趋势,叶片中细胞器的重金属也部分向细胞质转移.     

香蒲吸收镉的途径及体内镉化学形态研究

香蒲(Typhaangustifolia L.)是一种重金属镉富集植物,通过水培实验,利用ATP酶抑制剂和离子通道抑制剂,探讨了香蒲根系吸收镉离子的途径,以及镉离子在香蒲根部的亚细胞分布特征和化学形态。研究结果显示:ATP酶抑制剂和非选择性阳离子通道抑制剂对香蒲吸收镉离子有显著的抑制作用(P细胞器>液泡,香蒲根细胞中镉形态以氯化钠提取态为主,香蒲根细胞可将大部分镉隔离在细胞壁中,香蒲的细胞壁是其体内累积镉的一个重要位点,香蒲根部细胞壁的区隔化作用是其对镉富集解毒的重要生理机制之一。     

镉胁迫对不同品种白菜生长生理及亚细胞分布的影响

为了解镉胁迫对不同品种白菜生长生理、亚细胞分布的影响,采用盆栽试验的方法,设置不同镉浓度处理,研究贵州常栽的三个品种白菜生长、生理及亚细胞分布差异。结果显示：镉胁迫下,春信火锅王生长状态较好,且总体表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制的规律(地上部干重在迟白二号上的表现除外)。白菜叶绿素含量(SPAD)总体呈先增加后降低的趋势,叶绿素的最大值体现在春信火锅王上,迟白二号各部位镉含量与叶绿素含量呈显著负相关关系;植物络合素(PCs)浓度总体呈升高-降低-升高的趋势,春信火锅王地上部镉含量和可溶性组分镉含量与PCs呈显著负相关关系。三个品种白菜各部位的镉含量均随外源镉增加显著增加(P<0.05),表现为地上部>根部。不同品种白菜富集转运能力有较大差异,表现为青脆迟白菜>迟白二号>春信火锅王。三个品种白菜地上部鲜质量与有效态镉均具有显著负相关关系。不同浓度镉处理下白菜叶片镉的亚细胞分布规律总体上为细胞壁>可溶性组分>细胞器,但随镉处理浓度增大,细胞壁组分镉的占比降低,可溶性部分镉占比增大甚至超过细胞壁镉含量占比。综上,本研究三个品种白菜中,春信火锅王有较强的耐镉能...     

铜在拔节期小麦中的亚细胞分布

为了解小麦对Cu的解毒及耐性机制,通过盆栽试验并采用差速离心法研究了Cu在拔节期小麦根和叶片中的亚细胞分布。研究表明,在Cu胁迫下根和叶亚细胞组分中Cu含量随胁迫浓度的升高呈上升趋势,Cu主要富集在小麦根部,向地上叶片中输送较少,小麦根部Cu含量是叶片中的1.7~4.1倍。细胞质可溶性部分和细胞壁是Cu在小麦细胞内分布的主要位点,分别占总量的36%~81%和14%~48%,细胞器中分布较少,提高Cu胁迫浓度增强了细胞质可溶性部分对Cu的区隔化作用,减弱了细胞壁对Cu的固持作用,同时减少了Cu在细胞器中的分布;叶片细胞壁对Cu的固定作用较强,根部细胞质可溶性部分对Cu的区隔化作用较强。分析表明,细胞壁的沉淀和细胞质的区隔化作用对小麦对Cu的耐性起着重要的作用。     

砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与耐砷毒的关系

为了在研究砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与蜈蚣草耐砷毒的关系进行了试验研究.结果表明,蜈蚣草吸收的磷主要分布在胞质组分中(平均占各部位总磷含量的44%以上),吸收的钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中(平均占各部位总钙含量的48%以上).与低钙(0.03和2.5 mmol·L-1)处理相比,高钙(5.0 mmol·L-1)处理时,根部的胞质组分和叶柄的细胞器组分中磷含量较高.各器官的亚细胞组分中钙含量随着介质中添加钙浓度的提高而增加.介质钙浓度过高会抑制蜈蚣草的生长.在加砷处理下,根部和叶柄细胞壁组分的磷含量有所减少,但地上部细胞器组分的磷含量及其含磷总量占植株含磷总量的相对比例、根部细胞壁组分的钙含量增加.蜈蚣草自主调节磷和钙的亚细胞水平分布可能是其耐砷毒的机制之一.     

商陆对镉锌铜胁迫的生理响应与金属积累特性

以水培方法研究了商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)在不同浓度镉、锌和铜处理下的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、生物量和组织重金属含量。结果表明,随着处理浓度增加,叶绿素含量、SOD活性和生物量呈先增加后降低趋势。组织重金属含量在镉、锌、铜为最高浓度处理时达到最高值。根重金属含量高于茎和叶。叶片中重金属含量的最大值分别为镉100.6mg/kg、锌2753mg/kg、铜36.9mg/kg。商陆对锌的蓄积能力接近于超积累植物东南景天,是一种在锰锌复合污染土壤植物修复中具有较大应用潜力的种质资源。     

镉在三色堇中的积累及亚细胞与化学形态分布

通过营养液培养实验,研究了在不同Cd浓度(0、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 mmol·L-1)处理下,三色堇地下部和地上部中Cd的含量与积累特征,进一步分析了Cd在三色堇体内的亚细胞分布特征和化学形态分布特征.结果表明,三色堇体内Cd积累量随着Cd浓度的增加而不断增加,对Cd具有很高的积累能力,是一种潜在的Cd超富集植物.三色堇地下部和地上部大部分的Cd分布在可溶组分和细胞壁中,而在细胞器中的分布较少.随着Cd处理浓度的增加,地下部细胞壁中镉的分配比例呈增加趋势.植株中大部分的Cd以乙醇提取态和水取提态存在,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,地上部中活性强、毒性较高的乙醇提取态和水提取态Cd分配比例总和减少,而活性较弱、毒性较低的氯化钠提取态和醋酸提取态Cd分配比例增加,这有利于降低总镉的相对毒性.因此,液泡区隔化、细胞壁固持和化学形态转化可能是三色堇应对Cd胁迫的重要耐性机制.     

LAS和AE对水生植物损伤的显微和亚显微结构观察

利用透射电镜研究了阴离子型表面活性剂LAS和非离子型表面活性剂AE对水生植物水绵、水浮莲的损伤作用.观察发现,在LAS处理液中,水绵细胞壁外层被溶解而消失,载色体的规则螺旋缠绕结构被打乱,集结成团.细胞膜与细胞壁部分分离.水浮莲细胞出现质壁分离,细胞膜部分解体,细胞质中有许多空腔,液泡增大,叶绿体变形;在AE处理液中,水绵细胞壁外层被溶解,细胞膜消失,载色体和造粉核解体,分散于整个由细胞壁内层构成的空腔中.水浮莲细胞膜部分解体,染色质浓缩,核膜逐渐解体,叶绿体和线粒体解体,液泡消失,被细胞质充填.可以推断:LAS和AE对水生植物损伤的机理不同,AE以溶解为主,LAS则除溶解外,所带电荷引起蛋白质构象改变也是主要因素之一.     

镉锌在河南华溪蟹鳃中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布研究

采用火焰原子分光光度法检测了河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中重金属镉、锌的含量,进而探讨了镉、锌两种金属在河南华溪蟹鳃组织中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布情况.实验首先运用Ca2+通道抑制剂三氯化镧(La Cl3)和巯基抑制剂N-乙烷基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM)对河南华溪蟹预处理4 h,然后再用不同浓度镉(50、100、500μg·L-1)、锌(100、1000μg·L-1)分别处理7 d.实验结果显示,La Cl3仅抑制了鳃组织中镉的吸收,而NEM抑制了鳃组织中镉、锌的吸收.在亚细胞组分中,La Cl3降低了镉在细胞碎片和细胞器中的分布,NEM减少了镉在热稳定蛋白及锌在热变性蛋白部分的分布;两种抑制剂均增加了锌在金属富含颗粒部分的分布.实验结果表明,在河南华溪蟹鳃组织的不同亚细胞组分中,镉、锌两种重金属的分布具有差异,推测La Cl3和NEM均可调控镉的吸收,而NEM只调控锌的吸收.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.