蓖麻对镉的耐性、积累及与镉亚细胞分布的关系

本研究以淄蓖麻3号为供试材料,通过营养液栽培实验,研究了不同Cd浓度(0、10、25、50、100、200、400μmol·L-1)对蓖麻生理特性、镉积累和亚细胞分布特征的影响,揭示镉细胞分布特征对镉耐性与积累的影响.结果表明,镉处理对蓖麻叶片丙二醛含量影响不显著,叶绿素含量则对镉具有较强的敏感性,可作为蓖麻镉耐性的评价指标.随着营养液镉含量的增加,蓖麻根、茎、叶镉含量均呈上升趋势,各器官镉含量呈现出根茎叶的分配特征,根系对镉具有较强的积累能力和滞留作用.镉在蓖麻根系和叶片各亚细胞组分的含量均为可溶组分细胞壁细胞器,随着镉胁迫的增加,蓖麻根系细胞壁中镉的相对含量呈增加趋势,可见液泡区隔化和细胞壁固持是蓖麻应对镉胁迫的重要耐性机制.镉在蓖麻体内的茎-叶转移系数为0.35~0.62,而根-茎转移系数仅为0.02~0.11,可见镉从根系向茎的转移能力较弱是降低蓖麻地上部镉富集的重要原因.统计分析表明,蓖麻根系镉的亚细胞分布特征对镉从根向茎的迁移转化能力有显著影响.根-茎转移系数随着根系细胞壁和细胞器镉分配比例的增加而递减,随可溶组分镉分配比例的增加而递增.     

不同品种辣椒镉亚细胞分布和化学形态特征差异

前期试验对91个辣椒品种资源进行筛选,以高积Cd型品种(X55)、中积Cd型品种(27)和低积Cd型品种(17)各一份,采用盆栽试验研究不同镉水平(0、5和10 mg·kg-1Cd)下3个品种辣椒Cd转移和富集能力差异以及镉在果实中亚细胞分布和形态特征.结果表明,Cd胁迫下,辣椒地上部干重在种间表现为品种X55 17 27.果实Cd转移系数在同一Cd水平下均表现为品种17 27或X55.辣椒果实各亚细胞组分中Cd含量在种间表现为品种27 17 X55.辣椒根、茎、叶和果各亚细胞组分中Cd含量均表现为细胞壁(F1)细胞器(F2)细胞可溶性组分(F3),Cd被限制在细胞壁中,在辣椒Cd解毒机制和抗性中起重要作用. 3个品种辣椒果实各Cd化学形态含量随Cd处理水平的增加而增加,且大小均表现为CdNaClCdHAC CdR CdHCl CdW CdE.辣椒果实中的CdNaCl和CdHAC占比例较大可能是辣椒降低Cd生物毒性的一种防御机制.     

镉污染土壤中镉的形态分析及植物修复技术研究

选取沈阳张士污灌区土壤样品,采用Tessier连续提取法研究土壤中镉形态分布。结果表明,在该污灌区土壤中,镉主要以可交换态和铁-锰氧化物结合态为主。两者各占总量的32.4%和33.8%。这表明该地区土壤中镉的活性较高,易于被植物吸收,具有较大的迁移性。盆栽试验和野外采样分析测试的结果表明萝卜和蒲公英的地上部对镉富集系数均>1,且地上部镉含量大于根部镉的含量,具有金属富集植物的特征和植物修复的潜力,有待于进一步研究。     

不同基因型水稻吸镉差异及其与根表铁氧化物胶膜的关系

采用琼脂培养方法，模拟铁在不同基因型水稻根表的氧化与淀积，研究了不央水稻吸镉的差异及其有表铁氧化物胶膜的关系，结果表明不同水稻基因型其根表淀积换的氧化物数量存在显著性差异，根表富集的镉量及根部，地上部合镉量均存在显著性差差，且镉在不同水稻植株体内转移运输能力不同；不同水稻基因型根膜中的含铁量与根表铁氧化物富集的镉量、根部的含镉量、地上部的含量存在显著性年线相关。     

芦苇和香蒲对重金属钼的吸收特性研究

研究了水生植物芦苇和香蒲对重金属钼的吸收特性.通过短期室内水培实验,对比考察了2种植物对重金属钼的耐毒性、动态去除率、吸收过程及富集情况,并对在不同浓度营养液中植物对重金属钼吸收的影响进行了分析.结果表明,2种植物钼中毒导致其茎叶发黄、蒸腾能力下降,在钼浓度为2～20 mg.L-1时,香蒲对重金属钼的耐毒性较芦苇强.香蒲对重金属钼的去除率高于芦苇,在钼浓度为2 mg.L-1时,香蒲和芦苇去除率分别为87%和62%.2种植物对重金属钼的吸收是一个动态平衡过程,且以被动吸收为主.香蒲对钼的富集量较芦苇高,且植物地上部重金属积累量大于根部,符合超积累植物特征之一.营养液浓度的增加不会提高植物对重金属钼的吸收量,反而会因离子竞争等因素使去除率有所下降.芦苇和香蒲对溶液中钼的吸收均具有显著效果,香蒲吸收效果较芦苇好.     

镉铅复合胁迫下根表铁锰氧化胶膜厚度对美洲商陆富集镉的影响

为了探讨根表铁锰氧化胶膜厚度及共存离子铅(Pb)对美洲商陆富集镉(Cd)影响,采用水培的方法,诱导培育了胶膜厚度具有极显著差异的美洲商陆(低膜美洲商陆、中膜美洲商陆和高膜美洲商陆),分别进行低Cd低Pb、低Cd高Pb、高Cd低Pb、高Cd高Pb等4种不同金属组合的胁迫处理,观察美洲商陆生长状况、测定植株对Cd的富集量、抗胁迫生理活性物质的表达量.结果表明:中膜和高膜美洲商陆侧根发达,新生根较多,高Cd胁迫对根系发育有较强的抑制作用.高Cd条件下,植株对Cd的富集量为高膜美洲商陆中膜美洲商陆低膜美洲商陆,高膜美洲商陆Cd总富集量可达89765.69 mg·kg-1(以干重计).低Cd条件下,植株对Cd的富集量为低膜美洲商陆高膜美洲商陆中膜美洲商陆.高Pb处理,可提高低膜和高膜美洲商陆Cd富集量,但显著降低中膜美洲商陆Cd富集量.根系分泌的可溶性还原糖含量、叶及根部合成的可溶性蛋白含量与根表铁锰氧化胶膜的厚度成正相关.中膜和高膜美洲商陆叶片及根部可溶性蛋白含量还受到不同金属组合胁迫的影响.镉铅复合胁迫使美洲商陆叶片及根部可溶性蛋白含量极显著高于对照组.     

一株茎点霉菌的抗镉机制

从矿区土壤筛选到一株对镉具有较强抗性和富集能力的丝状真菌,编号为F2,根据其形态主要是分生孢子器的特征鉴定为茎点霉菌.对不同镉浓度液体培养下菌体的生长及培养液的pH值变化作了分析,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜与能谱分析相结合的方法研究镉在F2胞内外的沉积作用及分布情况,从而分析该菌对镉的抗性和富集机制.结果表明,100mg/L的镉浓度下,在细胞壁及周围区域存在大量颗粒状镉沉积物,而在菌体表面也有沉淀物附着.因此胞内外沉积作用可能是该菌对高浓度镉的抗性和富集作用的重要途径,而且因为该菌生长过程中尤其是高镉浓度下pH值的大幅度上升,沉积过程可能与该菌在生长过程中产生碱性物质有关.     

镉胁迫对不同品种白菜生长生理及亚细胞分布的影响

为了解镉胁迫对不同品种白菜生长生理、亚细胞分布的影响,采用盆栽试验的方法,设置不同镉浓度处理,研究贵州常栽的三个品种白菜生长、生理及亚细胞分布差异。结果显示：镉胁迫下,春信火锅王生长状态较好,且总体表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制的规律(地上部干重在迟白二号上的表现除外)。白菜叶绿素含量(SPAD)总体呈先增加后降低的趋势,叶绿素的最大值体现在春信火锅王上,迟白二号各部位镉含量与叶绿素含量呈显著负相关关系;植物络合素(PCs)浓度总体呈升高-降低-升高的趋势,春信火锅王地上部镉含量和可溶性组分镉含量与PCs呈显著负相关关系。三个品种白菜各部位的镉含量均随外源镉增加显著增加(P<0.05),表现为地上部>根部。不同品种白菜富集转运能力有较大差异,表现为青脆迟白菜>迟白二号>春信火锅王。三个品种白菜地上部鲜质量与有效态镉均具有显著负相关关系。不同浓度镉处理下白菜叶片镉的亚细胞分布规律总体上为细胞壁>可溶性组分>细胞器,但随镉处理浓度增大,细胞壁组分镉的占比降低,可溶性部分镉占比增大甚至超过细胞壁镉含量占比。综上,本研究三个品种白菜中,春信火锅王有较强的耐镉能...     

2种形态稀土在水稻幼苗体内的富集规律研究

研究Ｌａ、Ｇｄ、Ｙ轻、中、重稀土离子和稀土－ＥＤＴＡ配合物２种不同形态稀土元素的根、茎叶中的富集规律,结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,水稻的根及茎叶对稀土元素的培养液叶中的稀土含量呈正相关;稀土的离子形态为根利用的有效形态,其在水稻幼苗中的分布为根〉茎叶,当以稀土－ＥＤＴＡ配合态存在时,其在根部富集明显低于离子态,在茎叶中富集则显著增大,显示出稀土－ＥＤＴＡ配合态为植物茎叶利用的有效形态。     

南方典型区域水稻镉富集系数差异影响因素探析

该研究通过自采样分析及综合其他人员研究结果分析了我国南方典型稻米产区水稻吸收镉差异性。方差分析结果表明我国南方稻米产区稻米镉富集系数差异显著且可划分为高吸收(富集系数平均值及标准差为(0.96±0.73)、中高吸收(0.64±0.59)、中低吸收(0.29±0.22)及低吸收(0.26±0.30)4种类型,在19个研究区内中及中低吸收型(富集系数介于0.2~0.3)是4种类型中最常见的。对土壤p H、有机质含量、质地、土壤类型、土壤镉含量、土壤Zn/Cd等影响稻米镉富集系数的因素进行了探讨,结果表明,土壤p H对稻米镉富集系数影响最大且符合韦布尔非线性方程模型。土壤有机质影响明显较p H低,土壤质地在土壤酸性条件下对稻米镉富集系数的影响要大于碱性条件,土壤Zn/Cd比对稻米镉富集系数影响也比较突出,在高Zn/Cd比的土壤中稻米镉富集系数一般较低,而土壤类型、土壤镉含量对稻米镉富集系数的影响存在较大的地域差异性。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.