浙江省台州市电子垃圾拆解地多溴联苯醚浓度水平分布特征和迁移趋势

本研究分析了浙江省台州市电子垃圾拆解地及其周边表层土壤和大气中多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的浓度水平.结果表明,台州市峰江和滨海的拆解园区、农田和居住区土壤中∑₁₂PBDEs含量（以dw计）范围分别为21.8~1310 ng ·g^-1和6.19~220 ng ·g^-1,PBDEs单体分布没有显著差异.峰江和滨海两地大气中∑₁₂PBDEs质量浓度范围分别为262~3240 pg ·m^-3和840~2990 pg ·m^-3,浓度中值分别为1410 pg ·m^-3和840 pg ·m^-3（冬季）、1590 pg ·m^-3和1960 pg ·m^-3（夏季）,除去BDE209外的11种PBDEs单体分布在冬夏两季呈现显著性差异.通过土-气交换逸度分析发现峰江和滨海PBDEs在土-气分布迁移趋势上呈现一定的差异性.峰江PBDEs的迁移趋势主要以土壤挥发为主,土壤是大气中3~5溴代BDEs的排放源,温度的升高可以促进这一过程,这说明峰江土壤中PBDEs已成为污染释放源,建议应对峰江电子垃圾拆解园区土壤和附近农田开展土壤修复.滨海PBDEs的迁移趋势则主要以大气沉降为主,土壤是PBDEs主要的汇,说明滨海的拆解园成为PBDEs的新排放源.     

珠江河口水生生物中多溴联苯醚的分布

对珠江河口生物样品中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量进行了检测.所采集的鱼类(鱼、大黄鱼、银鲳、舌鳎、龙头鱼),虾类(刀额新对虾、近缘新对虾)及虾蛄类生物样品肌肉组织中10种PBDEs(BDE28,47,66,100,99,85,154,153,138,183)的含量分别为37.8～407.1 ng·g^-1(脂肪归一化浓度)、49.0～239.1 ng·g^-1和142～444.5 ng·g^-1.所有样品中,BDE47相对含量最高,其相对于∑<     

电子废物拆解区河流沉积物中多溴二苯醚的污染水平、分布及来源

用GC-NCI-MS分析法测定了路桥河流表层沉积物中41种多溴二苯醚同类物的含量. 目的是了解该地区沉积物中PBDEs的污染水平、空间分布特征和来源. 结果表明,所有沉积物样品中₄₀PBDEs(不包括BDE209)的含量为0.177～161 ng·g^-1,平均值为22.5 ng·g^-1, BDE209的含量为0.36～958 ng·g^-1,平均值为148 ng·g^-1. 同族体组成特征表明多数样品中十溴二苯醚(BDE209)是最主要的同族体,占38.4%～96.0%, 平均值为74.4%,九溴PBDEs和七溴PBDEs次之, 分别占3.3%～25.8%和0.01%～14.1%. PBDEs同类物之间呈显著性相关,表明大多数PBDEs同类物有相似的输入途径.同族体组成和聚类分析表明,所有采样点均受到deca-BDE工业品的污染,另有一些采样点除受到deca-BDE工业品的污染外, octa-BDE工业品也有一定的贡献. 与国内外其它研究相比,研究区域内沉积物中的PBDEs污染处于中低水平,但个别样点受点源污染影响较大,值得关注.     

多溴联苯醚在桂花鱼体内的分布

使用 GC-MS-NCI检测方法对持久性有机污染物多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的同系物BDE28,47,66,85,99,100,138,153,154,183,209 在桂花鱼体内的含量及分布进行了研究．结果表明,Σ₁₀ PBDEs（不包括BDE209）在肾脏中含量最高,肌肉中含量最低,其干重平均值分别为5.71 ng·g^-1 和0.95 ng·g^-1．Σ₁₀ PBDEs在肾脏、鱼鳔、肝脏、鱼鳃、生殖腺、鱼皮、肠胃和肌肉中的干重含量分别为3.04～12.8、0.81～6.90、1.28～8.87、0.09～6.36、1.05～5.73、0.022～5.06、0.69～5.98和0.14～2.61 ng·g^-1．Σ₁₀ PBDEs在各组织和器官的含量顺序为: 肾脏、鱼鳔、肝脏> 鱼鳃、生殖腺> 肠胃、肌肉、鱼皮．桂花鱼体所含低溴取代 PBDEs 以 BDE47 为主要同系物,所占丰度为35.7%～65.6%．十溴取代物 BDE209 在所有样品中检出率为 45.2%,其中在肾脏和生殖腺中含量较高．研究表明,PBDEs 由摄食、呼吸2种主要途径进入桂花鱼体内,易富集在肝脏、鱼鳔、鱼鳃等脂肪含量较高的组织和器官中．     

练江沉积物中多溴联苯醚的污染特征、来源和潜在生态风险研究

为考察贵屿电子垃圾拆解区污染沿水体向下游的迁移行为和影响,本文对练江贵屿段及其上下游表层沉积物进行了系统采样和多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）分析,并对其污染来源和潜在生态风险进行了探讨.结果表明：PBDEs在练江上下游沉积物中普遍存在（检出率100%）,在贵屿上游浓度较低（10.2~2120 ng·g^-1）,进入贵屿段急剧升高（7470~193000 ng·g^-1）,至贵屿下游后有所起伏但整体下降（734~11300 ng·g^-1）.练江的PBDEs污染主要来自于沿途排放,贵屿电子垃圾拆解业是其中最大的污染排放源.贵屿下游沉积物的PBDEs浓度比上游高约一个数量级,说明贵屿高浓度的PBDEs污染可沿水体迁移至下游.主因子分析结果表明练江沉积物中的PBDEs污染存在3种模式,上游和下游主要支流（贵屿支流除外）呈现Deca-BDE污染模式（BDE-209为绝对优势单体）,这是我国沉积物中PBDEs的典型污染模式,可视为练江沉积物中PBDEs污染的背景模式;贵屿则呈现出两种特异模式：Penta-BDE模式（优势单体BDE-47&-99）和Deca-BDE脱溴降解模式（以BDE-197为主,其次是-209）,这分别与贵屿地区的电路板拆解和塑料的高温处理方式（烘烤、焚烧、熔融等）有关;贵屿下游支流和主干道样品中的PBDEs呈现与贵屿相似但多种模式共存的特征,进一步证实贵屿的PBDEs污染已沿水体迁移至下游并影响其PBDEs组成特征.练江上游和下游主要支流（贵屿支流除外）PBDEs的风险商值（HQ）均<1,表明生态风险可接受;贵屿段PBDEs的HQ值均>1,最高达63.9,存在严重生态风险;受贵屿污染迁移影响,贵屿下游支流及部分练江主干道样品的HQ值也>1,为PBDEs污染高风险区;Penta-BDEs（三-五溴代BDEs）为HQ值主要贡献污染物,其次是Hexa-BDEs和Deca-BDE.鉴于PBDEs具有环境持久性且在贵屿段的沉积通量高达（477±648）t（贵屿下游为（152±169）t）,其在贵屿及其下游20 km以内的污染急需开展进一步调查并采取相应的污染治理和修复措施.     

典型电子垃圾拆解区大气中多溴联苯醚的污染

分别在典型电子垃圾拆解区(E)和其上风向参考点(S)采集了大气颗粒相和气相样品，以研究该区域大气中PBDEs的浓度水平、污染特征和气/固分布特点.分析过程中运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪，负化学离子源(GC-NCI-MS)检测了11种PBDEs.结果表明，电子垃圾拆解造成了比较严重的PBDEs污染，三溴～十溴联苯醚的浓度范围为51.1～2685 pg·m^-3(平均值830 pg·m^-3)，而对照区由于制衣行业的影响也造成了一定程度的PBDEs污染，三溴～十溴联苯醚的浓度范围为1.00～98.9 pg·m^-3(平均值28.7 pg·m^-3).在气/固分布的研究中发现，不同的PBDEs在气相和颗粒相的分布比例相差很大，从低溴至高溴PBDEs在气相中的比例呈降低趋势，而在颗粒相中的比例呈上升趋势.电子垃圾拆解区以五溴-联苯醚污染为主，占∑₁₁PBDEs总量的54.3%；而十溴-联苯醚污染次之，占∑₁₁PBDEs总量的23.8%，该污染特征进一步证实了该地区电子垃圾的来源，不仅来自亚洲国家，而且还来自欧美等国家.     

广西岩溶洞穴土壤中多环芳烃污染特征与解析

首次研究相对封闭稳定环境条件下的岩溶洞穴土壤中PAHs的污染特征及其影响因素.以广西桂林大岩洞穴为例,结果表明,在洞穴内部PAHs总量为7.22～117.29 ng·g^-1,远低于洞外土壤中的含量（51.35～235.73 ng·g^-1）,与其他地区相比,表明桂林近郊土壤PAHs污染较轻.大岩土壤中PAHs总量呈现出洞外和洞口附近明显高于洞内而洞内变化不大;洞外和洞口附近土壤中重环组芳烃含量高于轻环组（平均值69.25 ng·g^-1＞38.81 ng·g^-1）,但在洞内土壤中则相反（平均值3.93 ng·g^-1＜7.41 ng·g^-1）,说明洞内PAHs不仅来自于大气迁移过程,而且也来自于洞顶雨水淋滤作用.土壤中PAHs浓度分布表明在洞口附近存在陷阱效应、在洞穴最里端有裂隙存在.陷阱效应使洞口附近重环芳烃浓度显著高于洞外（88.19 ng·g^-1＞31.28 ng·g^-1）,而且PAH分子量与”易陷落性”呈线性相关（R²=0.49）;通过实测值推测从洞口输入的PAHs浓度约为裂隙输入的17倍.温度和分子量差异是影响PAHs在土壤中浓度分布模式的重要因素.     

湖北家电拆解业溴系阻燃剂在不同介质中的分布及危害

含有多溴联苯（PBBs）和多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）的废旧家电,在拆解利用过程中这两类物质若释放到环境中会导致环境和职业卫生危害.通过检测湖北省5家定点拆解企业拆解下来的塑封料、含铅玻璃、废线路板（WPB）、填充物和废塑料5类拆解件及拆解车间废气、环境空气、降尘样、飞灰4个不同环境介质中的PBBs和PBDEs含量和组分,了解拆解零部件中该类污染物的存在现状,并评估作业场所的环境状况及作业工人的职业暴露风险.结果表明,拆解件中仅10.7%的废线路板中检出PBDEs,含量为9955~26519 mg·kg^-1.各车间环境介质样品中的PBBs成分以PPB-209为主,PBBs最高含量为0.291 mg·g^-1,PBDEs以BDE-209为主,PBDEs含量最高的是洗衣机拆解车间和电视机/电脑拆解车间.环境空气中PBDEs暴露量最高和最低的分别是洗衣机拆解车间和冰箱/空调拆解车间,应加强洗衣机拆解车间环境空气的改善和监控.     

辽河口湿地土壤多环芳烃的分布及来源研究

于2008年10月、2009年5月和8月采集辽河口湿地31个表层土壤样品,利用GC-FID技术定量分析其16种优控多环芳烃（PAH）含量.结果表明,PAHs总量分布范围为293.4～1936.9 ng·g^-1,平均值为851.5 ng·g^-1,其中油井区苇田PAHs含量最高（1717.5 ng·g^-1）,滩涂区最低（614.6 ng·g^-1）.2008年10月PAHs总量和中高环组分比重均高于2009年5月和8月.应用不同环数的相对丰度和比值法进行来源解析,结果表明,燃烧是2008年10月的主要来源,石油污染和燃烧源的混合来源为2009年5月和8月的主要来源.主成分分析和多元线性回归法显示交通污染和燃煤混合来源为2008年10月PAHs的主要来源,贡献率为45.5%;石油和交通混合污染是2009年5月和8月PAHs的主要来源,贡献率分别为75.2%和42.2%.     

上海市地表灰尘中PAHs季节变化与功能区差异

研究了上海市中心城区地表灰尘中多环芳烃（PAHs）的季节变化与功能区差异,并探讨了这种变化特征的原因.结果表明,上海市中心城区地表灰尘中PAHs累积水平具有显著的季节变化,PAHs总量和组分均表现出冬季含量高于夏季的特征.冬季样品中PAHs含量为9 176～32?573 ng·g^-1,平均值为20 648 ng·g^-1;而夏季PAHs含量为6?875～27?766 ng·g^-1,平均值仅为14?098 ng·g^-1.PAHs组分也表现出相似特征,冬季含量为50(二氢苊)～3 162 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘),夏季含量为3(苊)～1 485 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘).各个功能区地表灰尘PAHs含量的差异明显.冬季最高值出现在工业区（31 163 ng·g^-1）、商业区（24 932 ng·g^-1）和交通要道（18 815 ng·g^-1）,最低值出现在公园（7 885 ng·g^-1）和绿地（8 036 ng·g^-1）;夏季最低值出现在公园（7 942 ng·g^-1）,最高值出现在交通要道（14 528 ng·g^-1）、工业区（14 247 ng·g^-1）和商业区（11 523 ng·g^-1）.所有功能区样品中PAHs组分含量呈现出按环数或分子量的增加而逐渐升高的趋势.大城市地表灰尘中PAHs的季节变化与功能区差异与其来源密切相关,也受到各组分理化性质的影响.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.