EPA PMF5．0在浦东新区降水源解析中的使用研究

使用EPA PMF5．0模型,以浦东新区降水源解析为例,按照使用前监测数据和不确定度数据收集、模型运行前数据判读、基本模型运行前最佳因子数确定以及模型旋转前后因子贡献比变化,对降水中多种阳离子和阴离子分别进行讨论,在离子贡献汇总中得到其主要贡献的阴阳离子。 EPA PMF5．0方法的使用,为大气降水在污染源治理和管理等领域提供了新的研究思路,同时也对基层监测站开展源解析具有参考作用。     

一种基于卷积神经网络的源解析因子识别方法

为解决源解析因子识别过程中人为参与及判定过程复杂的问题,提高源解析因子识别工作的效率,提出基于卷积神经网络（CNN）的 源解析因子识别方法.通过文献调研,构造可供CNN模型训练的因子识别数据集,对因子识别模型进行训练与调试,并以北京市南部采样点的PM_2.5组分观测数据对模型进行验证.同时,利用正定矩阵分解模型（PMF）解析得到不同因子数时的源谱矩阵,输入因子识别模型并与人工分析比对.结果表明,9个因子时模型的识别效果最佳,可以实现既无重复识别又无“无法判定”的情况,与源解析因子人工识别结果吻合,证明了所提出方法的合理性与可行性.该方法不仅对源解析中因子识别问题具有一定的实用价值,同时对减排策略的制定与动态调整也具有积极意义.     

基于两种受体模型的太原市大气降尘来源解析及季节变化特征

于2019年11月至2020年12月期间在典型工业城市太原市开展了降尘采样和降尘化学组分分析.采样期间,太原市平均降尘量约为7.9t/(km²·30d),并呈现在4~6月较高.在选取的8个监测区域中,清徐和巨轮的平均降尘量较高,分别为10.7t/(km²·30d)和10.6t/(km²·30d).降尘化学组分质量中地壳元素(Ca、Si、Al)占比较高,巨轮和桃园监测区域的降尘中Fe元素的质量显著高于其他监测区域.将降尘量和化学组分分析结果分别纳入正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)和偏目标转换-正定矩阵分解(PTT-PMF)两种受体模型中对太原市降尘进行了定量来源解析.通过比较两种受体模型的拟合性能和解析的因子谱发现:PTT-PMF受体模型相较于PMF能够更好地区分出降尘中城市扬尘源和建筑尘源这两类相似的尘源.结果表明,太原市降尘主要有六种来源:城市扬尘源(PMF:35%,PTT-PMF:35%)、建筑尘源(PMF:29%,PTT-PMF:28%)、钢铁工业源(PMF:14%,PTT-PMF:14%)、燃煤源(PMF:13%,PTT-PMF:12%)、二次无机盐(PMF:5%,PTT-PMF:6%)、机动车尾气排放源(PMF:4%,PTT-PMF:5%).两种受体模型得到的平均来源贡献结果相似,而建筑尘源和钢铁工业源的季节变化趋势则有一定的差异.粗粒径源类(城市扬尘源和建筑尘源)是太原市降尘的主要来源,两者对降尘的贡献率超过了60%,并在春季贡献率(4~6月)较高.     

PMF和PCA/MLR法解析上海市高架道路地表径流中多环芳烃的来源

以上海市内环高架道路径流中的多环芳烃(PAHs)为研究对象,于2012年7~9月,实测了8场降雨的道路径流中的PAHs,了解了城市交通干道径流中PAHs的污染状况,并采用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)和主成分分析/多元线性回归(PCA/MLR)两种模型对径流中的PAHs进行源解析.因子分析表明,径流中Σ16 PAHs的浓度范围为1.585~7.523μg·L-1,两种模型对于PAHs的来源有较为一致的判定.交通源为高架道路地表径流中PAHs的主要来源,PMF和PCA/MLR得到的源贡献率分别为37.7%和44.3%,其余3种来源石油源、燃气源和其他源,PMF得到的源贡献率依次为21.9%、26.4%、14.0%;与之对应,PCA/MLR得到的源贡献率依次为28.9%、18.3%、8.5%.PMF和PCA/MLR模型的计算值与实测值拟合较好,相关系数分别为0.961和0.997.     

基于APCS-MLR和PMF模型的燃煤电厂周边土壤潜在有毒元素(PTEs)污染特征与来源解析

为探究燃煤电厂周边土壤潜在有毒元素（PTEs）的污染特征及来源,以靖远电厂周边土壤为研究对象,分别采集了36个城市土壤样品和27个农田土壤样品,测定了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量.采用地累积指数法、单因子污染指数法和改进的内梅罗污染指数法对土壤PTEs污染特征进行评估,并利用相关性分析、绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）法定量解析PTEs污染来源.结果表明,除农田土壤As之外,靖远电厂周边土壤其余元素含量均值都高于甘肃省土壤背景值,其中Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb相对较为富集,Hg空间分异较大,受人类活动干扰显著.地累积指数法和单因子污染指数法结果显示,周边土壤污染以Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb为主,Hg的污染范围较广.改进的内梅罗污染指数显示,周边土壤为偏中度-偏重度污染,且城市土壤的综合污染程度高于农田土壤.源解析表明,城市土壤PTEs源自于交通燃煤混合源、交通工矿混合源和工业降尘源,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为35.2%、25.1%和23.4%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为40.2%、12.4%和47.7%;农田土壤PTEs源自于工矿农业交通混合源和交通燃煤混合源,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为40.3%和35.9%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为36.2%和18.0%.此外,PMF模型还识别了贡献率为48.5%的燃煤农业混合源.     

基于不同周期PM2.5组成高时间分辨观测的PMF源解析研究

于2017年1月1日—12月31日对南京市城区大气细粒子(PM_2.5)化学组分（元素、水溶性离子和碳质组分）的小时质量浓度进行连续观测,采用正矩阵因子分析（Positive Matrix Factorization,PMF）模型分别基于全年观测数据（PMF全年）和逐月观测数据（PMF月份）进行源解析,比较不同观测周期源解析结果的差异以及对PM_2.5各组分浓度估算的准确性.结果表明：不同观测周期下,PMF源解析结果中因子类型未发生改变,但因子组成和贡献分布存在较大差异.由于PMF模型假设同一观测周期内源成分谱不发生变化,只有基于逐月观测数据的PMF源解析才能体现全年范围内因子组成和贡献分布的变化.尽管PMF全年和PMF月份的分析结果均能准确估算PM_2.5组分的月均浓度,但PMF月份结果对各组分小时浓度的估算值和观测值在时间变化上更一致.这是因为PMF模型要求对各组分浓度的平均值进行拟合,易低估（或高估）PM_2.5组分在观测周期内的极大（或极小）值.因此,基于短期（例如,月份）高分辨观测数据的PMF分析...     

枝江、当阳两市农田土壤重金属来源解析

为解析湖北省枝江、当阳两市农田土壤重金属来源及贡献率,采集了研究区水稻田表层土壤和成土母质、沟渠底泥、降水、大气降尘、化肥这5类投入品样品,测定了砷（As）、铬（Cr）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）和汞（Hg）5种元素含量.同时,对农田土壤重金属含量进行主成分分析、空间分析,并利用UNMIX、PMF模型对比验证使源解析结果在源分配上更为可靠,再结合对投入品的描述性统计分析,从源与汇两个角度对比分析并选择更符合研究区实际情况的源解析结果,定量解析农田土壤重金属的来源.结果表明：As、Cd和Pb含量均值分别为土壤背景值的1.14、1.51和1.12倍,Hg和Cr含量最大值分别为背景值的17.63和1.35倍.除Hg存在少部分最大值高于风险筛选值外,土壤中As、Cr、Cd、Pb含量均低于风险筛选值.5种重金属均表现为中等强度变异,其空间分布图也表明存在空间变异性.UNMIX和PMF模型的解析结果在源分配上基本一致,结合对投入品的描述性统计分析,确定PMF模型的解析结果更符合研究区实际情况.PMF的解析结果表明：Hg主要来源于农药施用和废弃物混合源,该源的相对贡献率为14.68%;Pb和Cr主要来源...     

邯郸市PM_(2.5)化学组成特征及来源解析

该研究通过对邯郸市环境空气中PM_(2.5)样本进行采集和成分检测,分析了该地区PM_(2.5)的浓度及化学组成特征,利用相关性分析法和富集因子法定性判断了PM_(2.5)的主要来源,利用PCA模型定量计算了各类污染源的贡献率,最后将解析结果与已有的PMF模型结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,邯郸市PM_(2.5)日均浓度(2012年10月13日-2013年1月)为146.9 g/m3,是我国环境空气质量标准(Ⅱ级)的2倍。二次水溶性离子、OC、EC是邯郸市PM_(2.5)的主要成分,约占PM_(2.5)总质量浓度的71.5%,其中,OC是PM_(2.5)中含量最丰富的单个组分,大气有机污染特征明显。PCA模型源解析结果为:工业和燃煤33.3%,二次气溶胶和生物质燃烧21.7%,机动车为12.8%,道路扬尘9.1%。将PCA、PMF模型解析结果对比后发现2种模型对PM_(2.5)的来源有较为一致的判定,工业源和燃煤源是该地区PM_(2.5)的主要来源,两者的总贡献率分别为42.1%(PMF)和33.3%(PCA)。除此之外,PMF单独解析出了Ba、Mn、Zn源,K、As、V源和重油燃烧源,PCA单独解析出了生物质燃烧源,不同的解析结果一方面与模型本身有关,另一方面与模型选择的化学成分有关。     

PMF模型解析土壤重金属来源的不确定性

正定因子矩阵分解（PMF）是目前污染源解析领域应用最为广泛的受体模型之一,其不确定性研究一直是源解析研究的前沿和热点.利用拔靴法（BS）、替换法（DISP）和拔靴-替换法（BS-DISP）3种不确定性分析方法探讨了PMF模型应用于土壤重金属源解析的不确定性,并以德兴铜矿周边土壤重金属为对象开展案例研究.结果表明,6因子情景是PMF模型最佳运行结果;在6因子情景的源成分谱中,除Cr和Ti外,DISP和BS不确定性区间均处于标识元素基本值的0.6~1.5倍之间,BS-DISP不确定性区间处于基本值的0.6~1.6倍之间;模型结果的不确定性更多源于因子旋转误差.通过这3种不确定性分析方法可以获得PMF模型运算中的随机误差和因子旋转误差.其中,BS-DISP法和BS法得到的结果能够辅助判断因子数是否过拟合,并有助于理解源谱的不确定性,而DISP法能够用于理解旋转的不确定性,可作为评价旋转过程可行性的方法.     

源解析中环境受体数据处理与扩展方法的建立

本文对包含污染源或气象条件等发生剧烈变化且数据量小的实测受体数据进行了正态扩展,得到扩展数据.同时,利用PMF和PCA模型验证了扩展方法得到的数据量是否能满足模型的要求.结果表明,扩展范围和扩展受体成分谱个数是两个影响扩展数据合理性的主要因素,最佳扩展条件为:扩展范围取标准差的0.5倍,扩展受体成分谱个数为6个.通过53 h算法标记出每个化学成分时间序列中能够代表污染源或气象条件等发生剧烈变化的值并给出对应的估计值.将与估计值的相对误差(RE)超过80%的被标记的值剔除,其余的替换成估计值,发现扩展后PCA解析结果与原始数据处理后数据解析结果基本一致,能够得到主要贡献的污染源及贡献率;若将被标记的值全部剔除后,则不适合做PCA解析;仅通过PMF验证,且扩展数据与原始数据的解析结果中污染源类的判断一致.将受体数据各化学成分的时间序列中代表污染源或气象条件等发生剧烈变化的值替换成53 h算法给出的估计值,对于受体数据量小且用无源成分谱的多元统计方法解析无法给出结果的情况下的源解析有更大价值.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.