兰-白城市群主要大气污染物网格化排放清单及来源贡献

甘肃兰-白城市群为我国西北地区重要的重工业基地,大气污染物排放总量较大.研究高空间分辨率的污染物排放清单对于区域空气质量预报预警、减排方案模拟研究及大气污染防治等具有重要的科学意义.本文以兰州和白银为主要研究区域,基于研究区域污染源排放及统计年鉴等数据资料,建立了兰（2015年）-白（2016年）城市群7种（类）主要大气污染物网格化排放清单,并对其空间排放特征以及排放源贡献进行了详尽地讨论分析.结果表明,兰-白城市群7种主要污染物年排放量分别为：NO_x 2.22×10⁵ t、NH₃ 4.53×10⁴ t、VOCs 7.74×10⁴ t、CO 5.62×10⁵ t、PM₁₀ 4.95×10⁵ t、PM_2.5 1.91×10⁵ t和SO₂ 1.37×10⁵ t.其中CO的排放量最大,NH₃的排放量最小.本清单与北大和清华MEIC清单对比结果表明,交通源排放3个清单一致性较高,CO排放总量和其工业源排放与北大和清华MEIC清单排放源相差30%~40%,推测原因主要为清单计算过程中排放因子、分辨率和数据年份的差异.本清单网格化空间分布显示除NH₃外的其他6种（类）污染物,排放主要集中在市区,排放源中工业非燃烧过程源均为最大贡献占比,NH₃的主要贡献源是氮肥的施用及禽畜排放,其污染分布受耕地分布等因素影响较大.因此,减少工业非燃烧过程源、整合优质高效电力供应、使用清洁能源、严格控制工地扬尘、工业粉尘和做好城区绿化等,能有效地降低兰-白城市群NO_x、VOCs、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂这6种（类）主要污染物的排放.NH₃的减排则主要可从控制氮肥的使用及减少禽畜排放两方面考虑.本研究还利用蒙特卡洛法分析了排放清单的不确定性,NH₃的不确定性最大为-31%~30%,CO的不确定性最小为-18%~16%,清单整体可信度较高.     

华北区域大气中羰基化合物体积分数水平及化学反应活性

为了解华北区域光化学污染特征,于2018年5月至2019年4月在石家庄和兴隆地区利用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）对空气中的羰基化合物进行采样,并利用高效液相色谱对采集样品进行分析,以了解该区域羰基化合物的组成、体积分数、来源、·OH损耗速率和臭氧生成潜势.本研究共测定了13种含羰基的挥发性有机物,其中体积分数最高的3种物质为丙酮、甲醛和乙醛[石家庄地区：（6.46±5.25）×10^-9、（3.76±2.29）×10^-9和（2.65±1.74）×10^-9;兴隆地区：（1.85±1.27）×10^-9、（1.29±1.02）×10^-9和（0.72±0.48）×10^-9];C1/C2和C2/C3值表明石家庄地区工业化水平较高,受机动车尾气和化石燃料燃烧等人为排放影响较明显;兴隆地区采样点处于背景区域,受自然源影响较大;石家庄地区对L_·OH贡献最大的3种物质分别为乙醛（1.77 s^-1）、甲醛（1.57 s^-1）和丁醛（0.42 s^-1）;兴隆地区对L_·OH贡献最大的3种物质为分别为甲醛（0.53 s^-1）、乙醛（0.47 s^-1）和丁醛（0.12 s^-1）;对O₃生成贡献最大的羰基化合物物种为甲醛和乙醛[石家庄地区：34.61×10^-9（以O₃计,下同）和16.73×10^-9;兴隆地区：11.77×10^-9和4.47×10^-9],且甲醛的最大臭氧生成潜势估算（OFP）远高于乙醛.     

南京北郊BTESX特征及健康风险评估

采用AMA GC5000BTX监测2014年1月~2016年12月南京北郊大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯和苯乙烯（BTESX）的体积分数,分析了BTESX体积分数的变化特征以及气象要素对其的影响,并使用特征比值法（T/B）对BTESX的来源进行了定性分析,最后利用EPA的人体暴露分析评价方法对BTESX健康风险进行评估.结果表明,在观测期间,φ（BTESX）平均值为（7.28±6.63）×10^-9,其中φ（苯）最高,为（2.45±3.91）×10^-9,其他物种体积分数由大到小为：甲苯>乙苯>间/对-二甲苯>邻-二甲苯>苯乙烯,分别为：（2.41±2.61）×10^-9、（1.37±1.28）×10^-9、（0.51±0.48）×10^-9、（0.30±0.36）×10^-9和（0.22±0.42）×10^-9.由于存在稳定的芳烃源,BTESX体积分数的月变化和季节变化均不如其他物种（NO_x、CO、SO₂和PM_2.5等）明显.同时,BTESX及其他污染物的"周末效应"不显著.BTESX体积分数很大程度受到来自东北方向化工等企业以及交通主干道的污染物短距离输送的影响,导致BTESX体积分数在东北方向上较大.BTESX体积分数受到相对湿度和温度的共同影响,其高值区主要位于30%~70%相对湿度范围内,在该相对湿度范围内,温度越高,BTESX体积分数高值区域范围也越大.BTESX在不同季节的HI （危害指数）处于EPA认定的安全范围内,而R（苯致癌风险）值则高于EPA规定的安全阈值,同时HI和R值在夏季较高,因此需要高度重视.     

承德市PM2.5中碳质组分的季节分布特征及来源解析

为研究承德市PM_2.5中碳质组分的季节变化及污染来源,于2019年1、4、7和10月采集大气PM_2.5样品,测定碳质组分浓度.通过有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）比值、总碳质气溶胶（TCA）及二次有机碳（SOC）的估算,分析碳质组分的变化特征;结合后向轨迹和主成分分析（PCA）方法,分析污染来源.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为（31.26±21.39）、（13.27±8.68）和（2.80±1.95）μg ·m^-3.PM_2.5的季节变化趋势为：冬季[（47.68±30.37）μg ·m^-3]>秋季[（28.72±17.12）μg ·m^-3]>春季[（26.59±15.32）μg ·m^-3]>夏季[（23.17±8.38）μg ·m^-3],与总碳（TC）、OC和EC季节变化趋势一致,冬季（R²=0.85）的OC与EC来源较一致;OC/EC值得出4个季节均受到交通和燃煤源排放的影响,且冬季受烟煤排放影响显著.TCA的平均浓度为（21.38±13.68）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5比例达68.39%,二次转化率（SOC/OC）为：春季（54.09%）>秋季（37.64%）>夏季（32.91%）>冬季（25.43%）.后向轨迹模拟结果表明,春季和夏季气团携带的污染物浓度相对较低,秋季污染物的传输通道为西南方向,冬季为西北方向,主成分分析（PCA）表明,承德市PM_2.5削减的关键是控制机动车尾气、燃煤和生物质燃烧源的排放.     

天津市2020年冬季重污染过程气溶胶消光特性及其来源

为了解天津市2020年冬季重污染过程气溶胶消光特征,基于2020年1~2月高时间分辨率的在线监测数据,对1月16~18日（重污染过程Ⅰ）、1月26~28日（重污染过程Ⅱ）和2月9~10日（重污染过程Ⅲ）进行气溶胶消光特性及其来源分析.结果表明,3次重污染过程PM_2.5平均浓度分别为（229±52）、（219±48）和（161±25）μg·m^-3,NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、OC、EC、Cl^-和K⁺为PM_2.5中主要组分.3次重污染过程气溶胶散射系数（Bsp₅₅₀）和吸收系数（Bap₅₅₀）分别为（1055.65±250.17）、（1054.26±263.22）、（704.44±109.89） Mm^-1和（52.96±13.15）、（39.72±8.21）、（34.50±8.53） Mm^-1,散射效应高于吸收效应.重污染天气下硝酸盐（38.9%~48.8%）、硫酸盐（31.1%~40.7%）和OM （9.9%~21.8%）为PM_2.5中最主要消光成分.3次重污染过程PM_2.5组分对气溶胶消光的贡献发生明显变化,重污染过程Ⅰ,硝酸盐对消光系数的贡献最高;重污染过程Ⅱ,受春节期间烟花爆竹燃放影响,OM对消光系数的贡献升高;重污染过程Ⅲ,交通出行减少但燃煤源排放相对稳定,硝酸盐对消光系数的贡献降低,硫酸盐的贡献升高.来源解析结果显示,重污染天气气溶胶消光的主要来源为二次无机气溶胶（37.1%~42.0%）、燃煤和工业（22.9%~24.2%）、机动车（23.9%~27.2%）、扬尘源（5.0%~6.4%）和烟花爆竹及生物质燃烧排放（3.9%~6.2%）.与重污染过程Ⅰ相比,重污染过程Ⅱ烟花爆竹及生物质燃烧排放对消光系数的贡献升高;重污染过程Ⅲ机动车对消光系数的贡献明显降低;燃煤和工业对消光系数的贡献在3次重污染过程中较接近.后轨迹分析表明,重污染天气期间天津市主要以来自河北的小尺度、短距离以及内蒙古中部的中尺度、中短距离气团传输轨迹为主.     

北京市城区夏季VOCs变化特征分析与来源解析

精细化的挥发性有机物（VOCs）组分特征和来源分析,可以为科学有效地进行臭氧（O₃）污染防控提供支持.利用2020年夏季7~8月北京城区点位监测的小时分辨率VOCs在线数据,分析高O₃浓度时段和低O₃浓度时段环境受体中VOCs化学特征和臭氧生成潜势（OFP）,并利用正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型进行精细化源解析.结果表明,观测期间监测点φ［总大气挥发性有机物（TVOCs）］平均值为12.65×10^-9,高O₃时段和低O₃时段φ（TVOCs）平均值分别为13.44×10^-9和12.33×10^-9,OFP分别为107.6μg·m^-3和99.2μg·m^-3.观测期间O₃生成受VOCs控制,芳香烃的反应活性最高,对OFP贡献排名前三的组分均为异戊二烯、甲苯和间/对-二甲苯.低O₃时段环境受体中VOCs的主要来源包括汽车排放（26.4%）、背景排放（15.7%）、溶剂使用（13.0%）、汽修（12.8%）、二次生成源（9.7%）、生物质燃烧（6.1%）、印刷行业（5.7%）、液化天然气（LNG）燃料车（5.5%）和植被排放（5.0%）,其中背景排放、二次生成和印刷行业源在近年来北京VOCs源解析研究中少有讨论.高O₃时段汽修源和二次生成源贡献分别较低O₃时段上升了3.4%和2.6%,汽车排放仍是北京城区最主要的VOCs贡献源.植被排放源从07：00开始上升,在午后达到最高;背景排放源的贡献变化较小;汽车排放和LNG燃料车排放源呈现早晚高峰特征,下午时贡献相对较低.     

广东省高分辨率温室气体排放清单及特征

根据典型城市调查与统计数据收集得到的广东省活动水平数据,采用自上而下和自下而上相结合的排放因子法和GIS技术,建立了广东省2018年3 km×3 km高分辨率温室气体排放清单.估算范围包括能源活动、工业生产过程、农业活动、土地利用变化和林业、废弃物处理以及电力调入（出）间接排放等6大类CO₂、CH₄和N₂O这3种温室气体.结果表明,广东省2018年CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的排放量分别为8.5×10⁸、1.9×10⁶和1.1×10⁵ t,以CO₂当量计分别为8.5×10⁸、4.0×10⁷和3.4×10⁷ t,合计9.2×10⁸ t.CO₂是广东省主要的温室气体排放种类,占全省温室气体总排放量的92.0%,能源活动和电力调入（出）间接排放是广东省温室气体排放的主要部门,排放占比分别为77.9%和7.6%,合计占比为85.5%.从温室气体排放的空间分布情况来看,全省大部分地区温室气体表现为排放源,部分区域表现为汇;温室气体排放主要集中在珠三角地区,并呈现一定的沿路网和航道分布的特征;温室气体高排放网格主要为大型电厂、钢铁厂和水泥厂等高耗能企业所在地.     

基于隧道PM2.5取样研究南京市机动车尾气颗粒物排放特征

为研究南京地区机动车尾气颗粒物排放特征,于2020年8月对南京富贵山隧道内和隧道外进行PM_2.5采集,对样品中的水溶性离子、碳质组分的分布特征进行分析,综合总碳同位素（δ¹³C）与主成分分析（PCA）探究隧道内PM_2.5来源,并使用质量平衡模型计算了污染物的平均排放因子.结果显示,隧道入口、出口及隧道外早晚高峰期内PM_2.5平均值分别为（69.25±24.19）、（116.67±28.70）和（60.87±16.08）μg·m^-3,隧道内污染程度明显高于隧道外.隧道内外二次无机气溶胶（SNA）分布略有不同,隧道外NH₄⁺主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄的形式存在,其次为NH₄NO₃;隧道内则主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.隧道内δ¹³C存在着较小的分馏,平均值为-26.0‰±0.72‰,综合δ¹³C与主成分分析,隧道内PM_2.5主要来源于机动车的一次排放、尾气颗粒物的二次转化和扬尘.富贵山隧道中PM_2.5、EC、OC的平均排放因子分别为82.86、24.22、7.07 mg·km^-1·veh^-1,与国内外其他隧道实验排放因子的对比结果显示,通过柴油车比例为6%的富贵山隧道远低于柴油车比例较高的地区.     

宿迁市VOCs污染特征和来源解析

利用2019年8-9月宿迁市4个站点的采样资料,分析了宿迁大气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的化学组成及其时空分布特征;估算了VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）;并结合PMF受体模型,开展了VOCs来源解析.结果表明,观测期间宿迁市总挥发性有机物（TVOCs）体积分数为8.6×10^-9~79.4×10^-9,平均体积分数为26.9×10^-9,浓度水平较低.VOCs质量浓度表现为乡镇工业区（宿迁技师学院：（29.8±18.4）×10^-9） > 城郊工业区（生态化工园：（28.4±20.6）×10^-9） > 城市住宅区（宿迁中学：（22.6±11.5）×10^-9） > 城市商业区（市供电局：（22.3±15.1）×10^-9）.各采样点4种组分（烷烃、烯烃、乙炔及芳香烃）日均浓度变化较为一致,且均表现出较为明显的周末效应.宿迁市典型污染物为C₂~C₅烷烃、乙炔、乙烯、甲苯,间/对-二甲苯,不同采样点的关键组分基本相同,表明VOCs的来源比较稳定.OFP计算表明芳香烃和烯烃是臭氧最大贡献源.特征量比值分析发现,观测期间宿迁市VOCs有明显老化现象.源解析表明交通排放、溶剂涂料和工业过程是宿迁市VOCs的主要来源.     

珠江三角洲大气光化学氧化剂(Ox)与PM2.5复合超标污染特征及气象影响因素

基于粤港澳珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络12个监测子站的大气污染物数据,梳理2013~2017年大气光化学氧化剂O_x（NO₂+O₃）与PM_2.5质量浓度的变化趋势.O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染定义为NO₂和PM_2.5质量浓度日平均值以及O₃浓度日最大8 h平均值（O₃ MDA8）同时超过二级浓度限值,分析了不同类型站点复合超标污染的时空分布特征以及气象因素影响.结果表明,2013~2017年珠三角PM_2.5年均质量浓度由（44±7）μg·m^-3下降至（32±4）μg·m^-3,实现PM_2.5连续3 a达标.O_x年均质量浓度由2013年（127±14）μg·m^-3下降至2016年（114±12）μg·m^-3,2017年反弹至（129±13）μg·m^-3,O₃浓度上升明显（10 μg·m^-3）.以O₃为首要污染物的污染过程占比由2013年33%增多至2017年78%,多个城市同时发生污染的区域特征明显.研究时段内O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染事件共发生60次,主要在城区站点（78%）和郊区站点（22%）.秋季发生复合超标污染天数最多（52%）,是因为强太阳辐射有利于臭氧生成,大气氧化性增加,进而促进了PM_2.5二次生成.造成珠三角复合超标污染的天气形势主要为高压出海型（43%）、高压控制型（30%）和热带低压型（27%）.就具体气象因素而言,气温在20~25℃且相对湿度在60%~75%的范围内时,复合超标污染事件发生占比最高（22%）.在O₃重污染过程中,夜间高湿和低风速使得NO₂和PM_2.5浓度显著上升,日间高温加剧了复合超标污染.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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