PTA生产企业污水处理污泥固废属性的研究

通过对某PTA生产企业污水处理污泥固废属性鉴别采样方法的分析和筛选,依据相关规范对该企业污泥进行鉴别后,认为该企业污泥不具备危险固废特性,可按照一般固废进行综合利用。此外,PTA生产企业污泥固废属性取决于生产工艺、原辅材料及污水处理工艺,要求该行业污泥综合利用前应按要求开展危险废物鉴别。     

印染污泥掺煤焚烧过程中重金属分配与归趋特性研究

掺煤焚烧是佛山地区印染污泥处置的一种常用方法。针对佛山金纺集团印染污泥掺煤焚烧处理工程,对污泥、燃煤、炉渣以及飞灰的重金属含量及浸出毒性进行了分析测定,对重金属在炉渣、飞灰中富集分配规律进行了研究。结果表明:金纺集团印染污泥中锌是最主要重金属污染物;经掺煤焚烧以后,炉渣中重金属的残留率顺序为镍铜铬锌,残留率越小,说明该重金属越容易富集到飞灰中。飞灰中重金属的富集率远高于炉渣,飞灰属于危险废弃物。因此印染污泥掺煤焚烧工程运行中,提高尾气除尘效率对避免重金属的二次污染至关重要,同时飞灰应作为危险废物妥善处置。     

燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物现状及环境管理建议

我国燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物进入了快速发展期,但也暴露出底数不清、现状不清等问题。基于文献调研和国家排污许可平台统计数据介绍了国内外燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物的现状。相较国外,目前我国燃煤电厂掺烧生物质的项目较少,以掺烧污泥为主,包括城市污水厂污泥以及各种工业污泥,烟气污染物排放标准交叉引用GB 13223—2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》、GB 18485—2014《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》、GB 18484—2001《危险废物焚烧污染控制标准》和地方排放标准等,烟气、粉煤灰等污染治理措施普遍沿用电厂原有技术路线。据此,全面梳理了现阶段我国燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物存在的无序掺烧、污染物管理与排放控制要求缺失、信息公开力度不够等环境管理问题,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

燃煤锅炉机组掺烧城市污泥的工艺技术

焚烧是解决城市污泥的处置问题的有效方式,符合污泥处置"减量化、稳定化、无害化"的目标。将城市污泥干化后掺烧入燃煤锅炉机组,是解决此问题的最佳途径之一。文章叙述了燃煤锅炉机组掺烧城市污泥的工艺系统设置,并对其中的若干重点问题进行了分析,以期达到污泥干化掺烧与锅炉机组运行的协同配合,避免不利情况的发生。     

掺加垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出毒性及力学特性分析

以广州某垃圾焚烧场的焚烧飞灰为研究对象,通过浸出试验研究了不同预处理方法处理飞灰以及掺预处理飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出毒性,并通过无侧限抗压强度(UCS)试验探讨了垃圾焚烧飞灰对水泥土力学特性的影响。结果表明:焚烧飞灰在固液比1∶8条件下,水洗40 min后仅出现铬浸出浓度超标的现象;除硫酸亚铁外,EDTA二钠、磷酸钠和硫化钠均未能同时有效减少飞灰中铬和铅的含量;掺预处理飞灰的水泥土试样强度随着飞灰掺量、水泥含量及龄期的增加而提高; 10%预处理飞灰替代5%水泥后两者水泥土强度相近,说明掺入飞灰可以有效减少水泥用量。掺入飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出浓度远低于预处理飞灰的重金属浸出浓度,符合GB 5085. 3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》排放标准限值。     

印染污泥特性及其掺煤焚烧处置的环境影响研究

对佛山6家印染厂污泥的基本性质和重金属污染进行了分析研究。结果表明:印染污泥有机质含量较高;对照农用污泥污染物限值和城镇污水处理污泥处置混合填埋用泥质标准,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn不同程度超标,说明印染污泥既不能农用,也不能混合填埋。污泥浸出液中重金属浓度远低于危险废物浸出毒性限值和城镇污水处理厂污泥单独焚烧用泥质的污染物限值。污泥与煤掺混焚烧烟道气中二恶英浓度在0.0125～0.022 ngTEQ/Nm3,远低于GB 18485—2001《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》限值和GB/T 24602—2009《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置单独焚烧用泥质》限值。     

纳滤膜浓缩液淋滤焚烧飞灰过程中氯盐溶出及重金属的迁移特性

为解决生活垃圾填埋场的纳滤膜浓缩液和生活垃圾焚烧飞灰协同处置中淋滤条件对氯盐和重金属溶出效果的问题,采用北京市某生活垃圾填埋场的纳滤膜浓缩液在不同液固比和酸碱条件下淋滤北京市某生活垃圾焚烧厂的焚烧飞灰,探讨氯离子溶出及重金属的迁移特性. 结果表明:在液固比为12∶1、8∶1和4∶1条件下,焚烧飞灰中氯离子的总溶出率分别为81%、76%和61%,液固比越大,导致填料高度越低,氯离子溶出越充分;在液固比为4∶1条件下,纳滤膜浓缩液pH分别为3.20和10.70时,氯离子可与含氧阴离子竞争吸附位置,导致氯离子的总溶出率较未调节pH时大幅提升,增幅分别为81%和83%;不同液固比和酸碱条件下,采用XRD对淋滤灰渣分析发现,淋滤灰渣中均未检测到NaCl和KCl的矿物相. 改变纳滤膜浓缩液的pH为3.20和10.70后,淋滤灰渣中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd和Hg的浸出浓度均满足《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3—2007)和《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)标准限值要求. 研究显示,纳滤膜浓缩液淋滤飞灰可脱除焚烧飞灰中的氯盐及部分重金属,淋滤灰渣经热处理后可焚毁截留纳滤膜浓缩液的有机物,热处理后灰渣有望实现安全资源利用.      

市政污泥热电厂循环流化床协同焚烧技术验证研究

以市政污泥为原料,利用某热电厂循环流化床锅炉进行协同焚烧验证研究.试验表明,循环流化床锅炉热电厂污泥协同焚烧的泥煤质量比可在0～0.3之间根据用户需求调节,炉膛燃烧温度〉850℃,烟气停留时间2.59s,符合《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》（GB18485—2001）中850℃烟气停留时间〉2s的要求;脱硫塔烟气进出口NOx、SO2浓度低于锅炉未掺烧污泥前浓度,粉煤灰重金属含量低于《农用粉煤灰中污染物控制标准》（GB8173-87）中粉煤灰农用标准限值（在酸性土壤上：Cd5mg·kg-1,Pb250mg·kg-1）,粉煤灰烧失量满足掺混前Ⅱ级品质要求.因此,循环流化床锅炉污泥协同焚烧可有效解决当地城镇污水厂污泥出路,最终实现污泥妥善、安全处置需求.     

污泥掺烧对燃煤电厂痕量元素排放特性影响

采用EPA Method 29方法、冷原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法采集和分析一台超低排放燃煤机组污泥掺烧前后的原燃料、烟气和副产物样品中各痕量元素浓度,研究污泥掺烧对燃煤电厂痕量元素排放特性的影响.结果表明：污泥中富含Zn、Cu元素,浓度分别是煤样中的18.81倍和17.64倍.污泥掺烧使掺配后入炉煤中痕量元素含量普遍升高.污泥掺烧前后整个系统、锅炉系统和全流程大气污染控制设施的痕量元素质量平衡率均在可接受范围内.污泥掺烧对痕量元素的分布特征无明显影响,随粉煤灰排放是痕量元素的主要排放去向.通过烟囱排放到大气环境的痕量元素排放量占比很小,不超过0.43%.污泥掺烧前后SCR入口烟气中痕量元素除Hg外主要以颗粒态形式存在.污泥掺烧后各痕量元素在粉煤灰和底渣中的相对富集系数未显著改变.经过全流程大气污染控制设施协同控制后,污泥掺烧前后烟囱总排口痕量元素排放浓度分别为0~12.76,0~14.97μg/m³.污泥掺烧后痕量元素排放浓度均满足美国燃煤发电机组有害大气污染物排放标准、上海市燃煤耦合污泥电厂大气污染排放标准和生态环境部生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准的限值要求.现有的燃煤电厂大气污染控制系统对6%污泥掺烧比工况下痕量元素排放的控制具有较好的适应性.     

欧盟15国污水污泥产生量与处理处置方法对比

欧盟15国2012年的污泥产生量约为800万t,年人均产生量为21 kg。欧盟15国均采用污泥厌氧消化和污泥热干化等污泥处理方法,主要采用污泥农业利用和污泥焚烧两种处置方法。爱尔兰和葡萄牙的农业利用比例占本国污泥处置量的90%,荷兰基本采用污泥焚烧的方式进行污泥处置。根据现有情况预测:污泥的厌氧消化作为污泥脱水、无害和化学能源利用的方式具有重要的竞争力,污泥的热干化会结合工业焚烧产生的废热进行,处置方式将继续限制填埋而发展焚烧和农业利用方式。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.