序批式生物反应器填埋场的脱氮特性

采用3个填埋柱模拟序批式生物反应器填埋场: 1号柱装填新鲜垃圾,为对照柱,渗滤液简单回灌;2号和3号柱分别装填新鲜垃圾和腐熟垃圾,渗滤液交叉回灌.探讨了序批式生物反应器填埋场的氨氮去除率、反硝化能力以及厌氧氨氧化能力.结果表明:1号柱渗滤液的氨氮质量浓度在40 d内升高并趋于稳定;3号柱的氨氮去除率随时间的延续逐渐降低,从垃圾装填开始的100%降到90 d后的0,2号柱氨氮的累积去除率为40%左右.试验进行90 d后,分别将一定质量浓度的硝酸盐溶液添加到3个填埋柱内,结果表明,所使用的硝酸盐氮在2 d内几乎全部被去除, 证明3个填埋柱都具有很强的反硝化能力.3号柱在添加硝酸盐过程中硫酸根质量浓度升高,表明发生了自养反硝化反应.通过向填埋柱添加亚硝酸盐发现, 3号柱有一定的厌氧氨氧化能力,氨氮质量浓度下降10%～32%.      

晚期渗滤液脱氮过程中的抑制现象及其消除

对于垃圾填埋过程中高氨氮浓度、低C/N的晚期渗滤液,反硝化碳源不足会造成A/O脱氮系统的亚硝酸积累,导致对氨氧化和亚硝酸氧化过程的抑制作用.A,²/O流程中的厌氧处理对难降解有机物的水解酸化作用可为后续反硝化提供易降解有机碳源,可消除亚硝酸盐的积累及其对硝化过程的抑制.试验表明,厌氧处理可使氨氧化速率和反硝化速率提高约1倍和1.3倍,分别达0.123mgN/(mgMLSSd)和0.0675mgN/(mgMLSSd),TN去除率由8%提高到15%.使浓度高达1000mg/L的氨氮,在0.138mgN/(mgMLSSd)的进水负荷下较为彻底地氧化为安全的硝酸盐.     

矿化垃圾中的甲烷氧化-反硝化耦合特性研究

设计全因素实验研究了填埋龄10～12年的矿化垃圾中的甲烷氧化反硝化耦合特性.结果表明,每g矿化垃圾中甲烷氧化菌、反硝化细菌可达109个数量级,适合作为甲烷氧化-反硝化耦合反应介质.CH4、O2和NO3--N浓度对CH4去除有明显影响(p＜0.01),其大小顺序为CH4＞O2＞ NO3-N,且3种因素具有显著的交互作用(P＜0.01).NO3--N对甲烷氧化的抑制或者促进作用主要与环境中的O2浓度和C/O比有关.相对较低的CH4初始浓度和较低的C/O、C/N比有利于甲烷氧化和反硝化作用耦合,而且反应产物中N2O含量较低.当CH4、O2浓度分别为10％,20％时,甲烷去除率能达到97.7％,产生的N2含量为11.5％以上,且N2O的产生量低于0.2％.     

硝酸盐对矿化垃圾中兼/厌氧甲烷氧化的影响

设计全因子实验研究了NO-3-N对填埋10~12 a的矿化垃圾中兼/厌氧甲烷氧化作用的影响.结果表明,兼/厌氧条件下,NO-3-N能促进矿化垃圾中CH4的去除.初始CH4和NO-3-N对CH4去除和N2产生有明显影响,且两者具有交互作用(P<0.05).CH4去除量随着初始CH4体积分数的增加而增加,添加一定含量的NO-3-N能促进CH4去除,同时通入一定体积分数CH4可以明显促进反硝化作用,说明矿化垃圾中NO-3-N还原能与兼/厌氧甲烷氧化耦合.本实验条件下,初始CH4体积分数为30%,NO-3-N含量为110 mg·kg-1时耦合效应较好.     

微氧条件下以甲烷为碳源的反硝化实验研究

为探清微氧条件下以甲烷为碳源的反硝化是甲烷好氧氧化偶联反硝化(AME-D),还是甲烷厌氧氧化偶联反硝化(ANME-D),本研究以污水处理厂厌氧污泥为接种物,在微氧条件下以甲烷为碳源进行硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐反硝化的富集培养,考察硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的反硝化速率,并对富集培养物的微生物群落和甲烷单加氧酶功能基因进行分析.结果表明:微氧条件下硝氮/亚硝氮的还原主要以AME-D过程为主,稳定阶段硝氮和亚硝氮的平均去除速率分别为3.69 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)(以N计)和18.04 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)(以N计),富集培养物中的优势微生物为甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae)中的甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas),相对含量为21.86%.     

垃圾填埋场覆盖材料的甲烷氧化能力与甲烷氧化菌定量分析

分别采用厌氧瓶培养方法和荧光定量PCR技术定量测试了6种典型填埋场覆盖材料的甲烷氧化能力和甲烷氧化菌数量,并分析了典型覆盖材料甲烷氧化能力与甲烷氧化菌含量及物料特性的相关关系。结果表明:厌氧填埋陈腐垃圾、准好氧填埋陈腐垃圾和老覆土的甲烷氧化速率约高于粪便堆肥和垃圾堆肥1个数量级,约高于新覆土2个数量级;厌氧和准好氧填埋陈腐垃圾的甲烷氧化菌含量约高于老覆土和粪便堆肥1个数量级,约高于垃圾堆肥和新覆土2个数量级。覆盖材料的甲烷氧化菌数、甲烷氧化速率与物料填埋或驯化时间呈极显著正相关(p<0.01);甲烷氧化菌数与覆盖材料的甲烷氧化速率、含水率、总氮呈显著性正相关(p<0.05);覆盖材料的甲烷氧化速率与其理化性质之间无明显相关性,而是与覆盖材料本身的甲烷氧化菌含量显著相关。     

氢气和氮气对厌氧甲烷降解过程及微生物多样性的影响

针对厌氧甲烷氧化过程,考察了填埋场稳定化过程中气态物质(H₂、N₂)的影响,阐明了微生物群落结构的响应。结果表明:在N₂氛围下,存在甲烷氧化、固氮、硝化、反硝化的循环过程;通入H₂对于厌氧甲烷降解过程有一定影响,CH₄含量呈先下降后升高再降低的趋势,CO₂含量则呈先升高后降低趋势,表明H₂可将CO₂还原为CH₄。经过N₂和H₂长期驯化后,土壤微生物群落结构发生了显著变化,放线菌门中具有硝化、反硝化及固氮作用的菌群增加,出现了具有甲烷氧化功能的Methylococcale菌群。好氧菌(如甲烷氧化菌、硝化菌)对O₂的消耗有利于反硝化和厌氧甲烷氧化的进行,为反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化的发生提供了有利条件。研究揭示了填埋场稳定化过程中气态物质影响厌氧甲烷氧化的过程。     

生活垃圾填埋场甲烷自然减排的新途径:厌氧与好氧的共氧化作用

采用暴雨过后垃圾填埋表层30～60 cm的覆土、表层1.5 m以下的垃圾,以及刚刚开挖出来的9年矿化垃圾进行硫酸盐还原菌阳性反应试验,结果表明生活垃圾填埋体不同填埋层都存在不同数量级的硫酸盐还原菌,且底层矿化垃圾中的硫酸盐还原菌的数量最多,表层覆土中最少.颗粒大小比例为50%:50%的垃圾样品表现出最佳的甲烷好氧与厌氧...     

微生物介导厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化过程及其反应机制探讨

微生物进行的厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化过程是减少自然环境中甲烷这一温室气体排放的重要生物途径,即反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化(denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation,DAMO)。反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化是指在厌氧条件下以甲烷作为电子供体,NO2-/NO3-作为电子受体的反硝化过程。Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera细菌和Candidatus Methanoperedens nitroreducens古菌是参与DAMO过程的2类主要功能微生物。深入了解微生物介导的DAMO的发生机理以及影响因素,有助于更好地理解碳氮耦合在生物地球化学循环中发生的重要作用,为DAMO工艺的开发与应用提供理论依据。本文从功能微生物的富集、影响因素、生理特性、生物代谢与反应机制等方面对DAMO的最新进展进行阐述,并探讨了DAMO未来的研究方向与应用前景。     

耦合短程硝化反硝化的垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化处理系统构建及微生物群落分析

本研究从某垃圾填埋场计划将现有的垃圾渗滤液短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺改造为短程硝化反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际需求入手,以短程硝化反硝化污泥作为接种污泥,在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)中完成厌氧氨氧化启动.探究反应器运行中的脱氮效能、氮容积负荷和氮去除负荷情况,并利用16S rRNA基因序列分析技术对长期运行条件下系统中微生物群落结构演替进行分析.结果表明,反应器经历了149 d后成功启动厌氧氨氧化,稳定运行后的进水总氮容积负荷达到4 000. 00 mg·(L·d)-1,总氮容积平均去除速率达到3 885. 76 mg·(L·d)-1,系统氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率均超过了95%.运行第250 d时,系统的生物多样性减少,门水平上厌氧氨氧化主要菌群Planctomycetes的丰度达到了54. 94%;属水平上Candidatus Kuenenia为主要菌属,其相对丰度达到了49. 66%.结果证明,在短程硝化反硝化基础上耦合厌氧氨氧化实现垃圾渗滤液深度处理的升级改造工艺具有可行性.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.