强降雨对北运河流域沙河水库水质的影响

随着北运河点源污染逐步得到有效治理,汛期面源污染成为北运河水质不达标的主要影响因素,而现阶段有关强降雨对北运河上游水质的影响研究尚匮乏.本文以北运河上游沙河水库为研究对象,开展了单场强降雨对北运河上游水质的影响研究.在强降雨后（降雨量达53.8 mm·d^-1）开展连续6 d跟踪采样,并对比强降雨前后该库区的水质监测数据,系统解析了强降雨对北运河上游水质的影响特征.结果表明,库区水质基本达到IV类水质标准（GB3838-2002）,总磷是雨后影响库区水质的主要因素.南沙河污染和富营养化程度严重,严重超出IV类水质标准,是主要的汇入污染源.再生水厂出水是库区水质硝态氮的主要贡献来源.汛期单次降水不会引起水质的显著恶化,大部分水质指标于3~4 d后降低,4~6 d逐渐恢复到降雨前水质,并趋于稳定.     

饮用水水源保护区河流水环境容量计算模型

基于河流一维水环境容量计算模型,通过水质控制目标分析,引入了饮用水供水水库的水环境容量决定其保护区内河流水质控制目标的概念,提出以水库的水环境容量为其上游保护区内河流段末的水质控制目标,解决了由于河流与湖库的总磷水质标准不一致、水质标准中没有河流总氮指标以及水环境容量计算中河流与湖库水文设计条件不同步等,导致水源保护区内河流的水质控制目标确定困难的问题,建立了针对饮用水水源保护区内河流水环境容量的计算模型和方法,本模型直接表达了饮用水供水水库与其上游河流水环境容量之间的定最关系,体现了2个水域间的连续性和相互作用关系,为实现饮用水供水水库及其上游河流的污染物总量控制提供了可靠的科学依据,应用本模型,计算了正在建设中的老虎潭水库保护区内河流的水环境容量.结果表明,根据老虎潭水库水环境存量,保护区内河流的总氮水环境容量为65.05 t·a-1,现状总氮年入河量应削减33.86 t;总磷水环境容量为5.05 t·a-1,现状条件下尚有2.23 t·a-的剩余水环境容量,文中所提出的建模方法可以推广至水质控制目标不同情况下的连续水域,尤其适用于下游水域水质控制要求高于上游水域的情况,拓展了水环境容量的研究思路和方法.     

于桥水库水源地水体沉积物重金属空间分异与景观格局的关系

以于桥水库上游河流33个子流域采样点的重金属的监测数据为基础,分析了河流水体沉积物中Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn等重金属的含量及空间分异特征,探讨了重金属与子流域土地利用类型等景观格局的关系,解析了重金属的来源.结果表明,于桥水库上游三条河流水体悬浮颗粒物中Cd、As、Cu、Cr的平均含量高于土壤环境质量一级标准,存在一定的生态风险.表层沉积物中Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn的平均含量分别为0.32、30.39、33.49、58.20、90.16和94.80 mg·kg-1,Cd、As、Cu的平均含量和部分样品中Pb、Cr、Zn的含量超过土壤环境质量一级标准.三条河流表层沉积物中Cd、Cr、Zn的平均含量是淋河沙河黎河,Cu的平均含量是淋河沙河黎河,As、Pb的平均含量是沙河淋河黎河.于桥水库流域内土地利用类型对河流表层沉积物重金属的分布产生一定影响,主要表现为林地和灌草地的分布决定了河流沉积物中重金属的自然分布趋势,园地和工矿用地对Cd、As、Pb、Cr等的分布产生影响,村镇居民用地和耕地对河流沉积物中重金属的总体分布未产生负面影响.     

温榆河流域闸坝群对河流水量水质影响分析

流域闸坝群对河流水文水环境的影响是目前变化环境下流域水循环研究中的热点和难点之一。论文从流域尺度上探讨了温榆河流域闸坝群对水文循环和污染物运移的作用,分析了闸坝群对温榆河干流水量和水质浓度的影响。研究表明：①闸坝群调蓄减小了温榆河的径流量,削减洪峰,调节非汛期径流,源头的水库对径流调蓄强,削峰显著,而中下游地区的闸坝对径流调蓄较弱,对汛期洪峰有削减作用,但增加了非汛期径流量;②对于河流水环境影响,源头水库库容大,纳污能力强,有助于消减坝上水质浓度,但在水库坝下以及中下游地区水闸,闸坝切断河流,降低河流流通性,水质浓度提高。研究将为认识温榆河流域水污染成因提供依据,同时也为流域水污染整治和水资源高效利用提供技术支撑。     

水位调度运行对河道型水库水生态环境的影响—以沙河水库为例

基于自然的修复理念,以典型河道型水库—北运河流域沙河水库为研究对象,考察水位调度运行对其水生态环境的影响.结果表明,低水位运行期间,沙河水库月均出库水量增加149.48%,月均蒸发水量和渗透水量减少了34.17%和29.17%.沙河水库水质明显改善,沙河闸出库断面NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP平均浓度由（2.53±0.89）、（14.18±5.06）、（0.50±0.02）mg·L^-1降低到（1.12±0.11）、（5.61±1.45）、（0.19±0.01）mg·L^-1,其中NH₄⁺-N和TP稳定达到了地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的IV类水要求(1.5 mg·L^-1和0.3 mg·L^-1).低水位运行期间,沙河水库库心区沉积柱（0～30 cm）和表层沉积物（0～4 cm）中TN、TP平均含量总体呈稳定下降趋势,降幅分别为57.62%、45.28%和64.16%、48.00%;沙河水库共记录水鸟70种...     

水口水库2015—2019年水质污染变化特征及PMF溯源解析

基于水口水库2015—2019年的水质监测数据,采用主成分分析法（PCA）识别研究区域主要污染因子,分别对汛期/非汛期水质进行综合评价,测算研究区域主成分综合污染指数（PC-WPI）及动态度分析水库不同期污染变化特征,并通过水质的正矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）进行污染溯源解析.研究结果表明：①PCA识别氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、DO和COD是区域主要污染因子,库区自上游到下游水质逐渐改善,2015—2016汛期水质优于非汛期,2017—2019则相反;②研究区域PC-WPI为0.057~0.115,为轻度-中度污染,除2018年外,汛期的PC-WPI均值均低于前一个非汛期.2015—2019年区域水质呈现“好转-持续恶化-有所好转”趋势;③PMF解析表明汛期污染源为生活污水和养殖废水（39.47%）>农业面源（33.01%）>工业废水排放（27.52%）,非汛期污染源为生活污水排放（39.62%）>养殖废水（25.54%）>农业面源（18.33%）>工业废水排放（16.51%）.本研究可为缺少污染源统计资料区域的水环境污染识别和溯源提供技术支撑.     

丰水期环太湖河流与湖区水质比较研究

鉴于环湖河流水质在汛期对太湖的关键性影响,以藻类对不同形态营养盐的利用程度为标准,2008年丰水期对太湖周边32条主要河流的水质进行了细化研究,旨在为太湖的外源河流综合整治提供依据.结果表明,采样河流中望虞河水体的营养盐和悬浮物（SS）浓度都居于最高,水质为劣Ⅴ类;太湖北部河流水体除了营养盐浓度为劣Ⅴ类外,有机质污染在...     

天目湖沙河水库热分层变化及其对水质的影响

为揭示亚热带水库热分层的季节性变化特征、影响因素及水质效应,以最大水深11 m的江苏溧阳天目湖沙河水库为例,基于对水库坝前区(TM1)3~11月逐时的水温监测及对该水库2009~2016年相关水质和气象指标监测,分析了该水库热分层的形成和消失时间、驱动因素及其对水质的影响.结果表明,天目湖沙河水库呈典型的亚热带单循环混合模式:春季随着太阳辐射的增强,水温逐渐升高,当表层水温升至21℃左右时,热分层稳定形成,在整个5~9月期间水体热分层十分稳定;秋季随着太阳辐射的减弱,水温逐渐降低,当表层水温降至19℃左右时,热分层基本消失,在10~4月期间水体呈混合状态.热分层期间,表层和底层的水温差随太阳辐射的增强而增加;日均气温超过30℃的情况下,水体热分层更加稳定;夏季强降雨过程降低了水体表层的温度、减弱了上层5 m水体的温度分层,但对5 m以下深度的热分层状况基本无影响.水温分层对水库水质产生一定的影响:热分层期间,底层水体处于厌氧状态,底层水体氨氮浓度明显增加;热分层消失后,底层水体溶解氧、总磷及悬浮颗粒物含量均增加.研究表明,对于四季分明的亚热带中等深度的水库而言,水体热分层主要受太阳辐射的控制,稳定的热分层有利于蓝藻门相关种属藻类的生长,热分层形成及消散阶段改变了沉积物的营养盐释放及供给水体的强度,对水体水质形成冲击.在水库水质监控及生态保护管理中,应关注热分层过程的不利影响,并探索相关灾害的防控技术.     

新安江水库悬浮颗粒物时空分布、沉降通量及其营养盐效应

为分析降雨入流影响下水库悬浮颗粒物的时空分布及沉降特征,在华东地区最大水库新安江水库(千岛湖)的河流区、过渡区和湖泊区(分别对应街口、小金山和大坝这3个水质断面)布设水体沉降物自动捕获器和水质高频自动监测浮标,结合定期水样采集分析,开展了为期1 a的水体颗粒物沉降通量及其营养盐效应观测研究.结果发现,水库水体浊度、悬浮颗粒物浓度(SS)、颗粒物沉降通量与降雨量、入库流量极显著相关(P0.01),其中浊度与SS的相关性最好(R~2=0.86);在降雨较多的春夏季,SS空间差异明显(河流区过渡区湖泊区),而秋冬空间差异不大;颗粒物沉降通量具有明显的时空异质性,空间上河流区过渡区湖泊区[分别为27.82、 4.34和0.26 g·(m~2·d)~(-1)],时间上春夏季秋冬季;结合全湖60个点位四季悬浮物浓度调查估算,全库颗粒物沉降通量为2.57×10~6 t·a~(-1),其中春夏季沉降通量高于秋冬季;街口、小金山和大坝捕获沉降物中颗粒态氮含量(PN)分别为6 812、 15 886和21 986 mg·kg~(-1),磷含量(PP)分别为2 545、 3 269和3 077 mg·kg~(-1),自上游向下递增.统计分析表明,中雨以上降雨过程与河流区浊度增量呈指数相关(R~2=0.81),持续强降雨则对浊度有累加效应,但对过渡区影响不大;SS浓度自河流入库区至下游大坝随距离增加呈较好的指数下降特征(R~2=0.84),降雨较多的春夏季更为明显.结果还表明,新安江水库年均库容淤损率为0.07%,与全国其它大型水库相比较低,但是坝前沉降物营养盐含量较高,具有一定的内源释放风险;管理上应加强流域水土保持治理,降低降雨冲刷对水质的影响;同时关注坝前高营养沉积物的内源释放对水质的影响.     

太湖蠡河小流域水质的空间变化特征及污染物源解析

为了解太湖流域河流中污染物的来源及时空变化特征,于2014年在太湖湖西区蠡河小流域开展水质监测,对从上游到下游的5个监测点汛期和非汛期水体中的总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、化学需氧量(COD)浓度的变化规律及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,监测期间流域水体中TP、NH_4~+-N、COD的浓度均值为0.176、1.075、10.626 mg·L~(-1),水质状况总体较好,未超过Ⅳ类水标准.从上游到下游TP、NH_4~+-N浓度逐渐升高,下游水质较差,均属于劣Ⅴ类水质;而COD浓度较低,未超过Ⅳ类水标准.受降雨的影响,污染物浓度在汛期略高于非汛期.在非汛期,污染物浓度从上游到下游逐渐升高,而在汛期,各监测点污染物浓度没有明显的变化趋势.随着居民地面积的增加,林地面积的减少污染物浓度逐渐升高.流域人口密度、畜禽养殖与水体中污染物浓度显著相关.蠡河流域农业面源污染的主要来源是生活源和畜禽养殖源.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.