环境监测实验室标准物质的管理

在环境监测实验室中为达到长期的质量保证,标准物质被y-泛用于测量仪器的校正、测量方法的评价或为材料赋值。标准物质的正确使用和规范管理对保证分析结果的准确性、溯源性有重要意义。本文阐述了实验室应如何正确管理与使用标准物质,探讨了标准物质的期间核查方法。     

COD标准物质的研究

随着环境科学的发展,环境监测的范围越来越广,要求监测数据准确可靠,要求在不同的时间,不同的地点,监测结果具有可比性。因此,作为量值传递和质量保证基础的标准物质,其作用日益显得重要。标准物质在环境监测中,可作为质量考核、仲裁、和检验与评价监测方法的依据。利用标准物质还可提高较大规模的联合监测     

环境标准参考物质

环境物质种类繁多,千差万别,如水、大气、土壤、动植物、人体组织、食品等环境物质,它们基体复杂,所含各种痕量元素成分的浓度又很低(通常在ppm级至ppb级)。因而分析环境物质,特别是分析其中的痕量元素成分往往不容易得到准确的结果,而在各个实验室之间、各种分析方法之间、不同的分析人员之间经常出现不一致的结果,严重时偏差可达一、二个数量级。要改变这种状况,就必须使用环境标准参考物质。     

多环芳烃大气PM_(2.5)基体标准样品的均匀性检测和稳定性考核研究

参照(JJF1343-2012)《标准物质定值的通用原则及统计学原理》和国家计量技术规范(JJF1059)《测量不确定度评定与表示》,均匀性检验和稳定性考核是标准物质研制过程中不确定度评定的重要工作。现阶段中国还没有大气PM_(2.5)多环芳烃基体标准物质,因此,通过采集大气PM_(2.5),加速溶剂萃取得到PM_(2.5)基体标准样品,利用气相色谱质谱联合法分析标准样品中多环芳烃含量,并对其进行均匀性检验与稳定性考核分析,此项工作的研究为后期PM_(2.5)多环芳烃检测与监测标准物质的研究打下坚实的基础。     

标准参考物质及其在环境分析中的应用

一、标准参考物质的提出最近一、二十年来,环境体系中的痕量元素引起了人们越来越大的兴趣。发现环境中的痕量物质会对人体健康起重要影响。因此,分析大气、水、土壤和食品等环境和生物样品中的痕量元素已成为环境监测的一个重要课题。环境分析面临的基体复杂,拿水来讲,就有雨水、河水、海水、污水、自来水等,因此,对分析方法提出了苛刻的要求。此外,环境物质中元素的含量低、干扰因素多等等,这一系列困难促使分析     

标准物质在环境监测与分析中的应用

随着环境科学的发展,环境分析与监测的作用越加重要,因而要求监测结果准确,对不同时间与空间的监测结果有可比性,为此,各国在发展监测技术的同时大力发展标准物质。目前世界上已有近百种标准物质广泛用于环境监测与分析工作中。我国学者也开始重视这方面的工作,本文对标准物质的正确选择与应用技术做一简要介绍。     

浅议海洋沉积物POPs标准物质研制技术

环境标准物质是以环境监测为用途,主要以环境基质为候选物,并对其中目标污染物进行定值的一类标准物质,海洋沉积物持久性有机污染物（POPs）标准物质是其重要的组成部分。本文重点综述了海洋沉积物POPs环境标准物质的研制技术。主要对海洋沉积物POPs标准物质研制程序如候选物、分析与定值方法及加工检验等进行了分析及论述,并对海洋沉积物POPs标准物质研制技术进行了展望。     

微激光烧蚀电感偶合等离子体质谱多元素分析环境物质

采用微激光烧蚀电感偶合等离子体质谱分析了环境物质中的11种元素(镁、钾、钙、铁、镍、铜、锌、铷、铯、钡、铅)。将日本国立环境研究所(NIES)认证标准物质(CRM)No.3小球藻(chlorella),No.7茶叶,No.9果囊马尾藻(sargasso)及国家标准技术研究所(NIST)标准参考物质(SRM)1573西红柿叶和1568小麦粉,分别用基体相似的NIESNo.1胡椒藤和No.10-c小麦粉校准各元素测定灵敏度。让薄薄一层粉末状样品紧紧粘在一小块粘胶纸上,不需要另外的样品制备。测定方法有较高的灵敏度,且其分析过程简单快速。      

六价铬湖水环境标准物质的研制

六价铬湖水环境标准物质的研制吴晓荣湖北省环境监测中心站４３００７２标准物质是测量成分或特性的一种计量标准，其目的在干保证测量过程和测量结果的准确一致。环境标准物质是指按规定的准确度和精密度确定了某些物质特性值或组分含量值，在相当长时间内具有可能被接受...     

环境标准物质的作用与发展

本文描述了标准物质的基本概念,作用和应用方法。全面地介绍了中国和国际上大气、飘尘、水、生物、水生生物、沉积物、土壤和优先监测有机污染物环境标准物质的发展现状和发展趋势。指出了今后发展环境标准物质将遇到的技术挑战与应采取的对策。      

A methodological framework to operationalize climate risk management: managing sovereign climate-related extreme event risk in Austria

Despite considerable uncertainties regarding the exact contribution of anthropogenic climate change to disaster risk, rising losses from extreme events have highlighted the need to comprehensively address climate-related risk. This requires linking climate adaptation to disaster risk management (DRM), leading to what has been broadly referred to as climate risk management (CRM). While this concept has received attention in debate, important gaps remain in terms of operationalizing it with applicable methods and tools for specific risks and decision-contexts. By developing and applying a methodological approach to CRM in the decision context of sovereign risk (flooding) in Austria we test the usefulness of CRM, and based on these insights, inform applications in other decision contexts. Our methodological approach builds on multiple lines of evidence and methods. These comprise of a broad stakeholder engagement process, empirical analysis of public budgets, and risk-focused economic modelling. We find that a CRM framework is able to inform instrumental as well as reflexive and participatory debate in practice. Due to the complex interaction of social–ecological systems with climate risks, and taking into account the likelihood of future contingent climate-related fiscal liabilities increasing substantially as a result of socioeconomic developments and climate change, we identify the need for advanced learning processes and iterative updates of CRM management plans. We suggest that strategies comprising a portfolio of policy measures to reduce and manage climate-related risks are particularly effective if they tailor individual instruments to the specific requirements of different risk layers.     

废旧橡胶粉用于道路改性沥青的研究

从环保的角度出发，利用废旧橡胶粉对道路沥青改性进行了试验研究，分析了废胶粉的细度及掺量对沥青性能的影响，并就橡胶粉改性沥青所采用的胶粉细度、掺量以及改性措施提出了合理的建议。     

化学计量学法解析涂料行业废气化学成分

涂料行业废气污染物属于复杂未知体系,常规方法难以进行全面准确的定性定量分析。采用GC/MS法测定涂料行业废气化学成分,利用化学计量学解析法(CRM)对谱图中的色谱峰进行逐一解析,得到各组分的纯色谱曲线和质谱,通过质谱库匹配进行定性,用解析色谱曲线积分法进行定量。从20个色谱峰中解析出了47个组分,鉴定了其中39个化合物,占总含量的90.86%。涂料废气污染物的主要化学成分为苯系物,占总含量的47.88%。该法能对重叠峰进行解析,降低对色谱注的要求,为快速、准确解析复杂未知样本提供了崭新途径。     

Selenium speciation in flue desulfurization residues

Flue gas from coal combustion contains significant amounts of volatile selenium (Se). The capture of Se in the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber unit has resulted in a generation of metal-laden residues. It is important to determine Se speciation to understand the environmental impact of its disposal. A simple method has been developed for selective inorganic Se(IV), Se(VI) and organic Se determination in the liquid-phase FGD residues by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). It has been determined that Se(IV), Se(VI) and organic Se can be accurately determined with detection limits (DL) of 0.05, 0.06 and 0.06 g/L, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by analyzing the certified reference material, NIST CRM 1632c, and also by analyzing spiked tap-water samples. Analysis indicates that the concentration of Se is high in FGD liquid residues and primarily exists in a reduced state as selenite (Se(IV)). The toxicity of Se(IV) is the strongest of all Se species. Flue gas desulfurization residues pose a serious environmental risk.     

Arsenic species analysis in porewaters and sediments using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

It was observed that the atomic fluorescence emission due to signal during the determination of As（Ⅲ） in the mixture of As（Ⅲ） and As（V） could has a 10% to 40% of fluorescence emission As（V）. Besides, interferes from heavy metals such as Pb（Ⅱ）, Cu（Ⅱ） can cause severe increase of the signals as compared to the insignificant effects caused by Cd（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ）, Mn（Ⅱ） and Fe（Ⅲ）. On the basis of further studies, the masking agent of 8-hydroxyquinoline was used as an efficient agent to eliminate interference of As（V） emission and the heavy metal of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ in the measurements of arsenic species, After a series standard additions and CRM researches, a sensitive and interference-free analytical procedure was developed for the speciation of arsenic in samples of porewaters and sediments in Poyang Lake, China.     

基于模糊相似关系的土地资源空间分布系统递阶结构模型

建立了土地资源多层次分类体系及分类子体系，用模糊相似矩阵描述了系统各单元的相关关系，通过λ截集矩阵的选择使之转化为表征系统是否相关的０－１矩阵，从而对系统结构模型予以改进，并应用该模型进行土地资源的递阶分类，实现了区域土地资源在地域空间合理分布。     

生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用

环境标志说明产品在其整个生命周期中的环境表现满足一定的要求。生命周期评价技术被许多国家作为认证环境标志产品的工具。文章介绍了生命周期评价的定义和框架，以及简式生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用。在分析简式生命周期矩阵不足的基础上，提出了用于评价环境标志产品的改进生命周期矩阵。最后，探讨了生命周期矩阵在其它领域的应用。     

水质管理规划中BOD5响应矩阵的一种改型模式

本文推导对水质管理规划中经典BOD5响应矩阵的一种改型模式,并对数值例加以阐述.该模式以BOD5总量为控制对象,任一河流断面的BOD5输入量在此响应矩阵中仅出现一次,从而使响应关系由下三角矩阵改变为每一行均含三个变量的稀疏矩阵。这一改型不仅提高了计算速度,更重要的是,由于改型模式具有运输问题类型良好的特殊结构,可以方便地判断一个水质管理规划问题是否可行和给出可行的充分必要条件,这一特性具有较大的实际经济意义.改型模式与经典模式所需数据完全相同。      

A tool model for predicting atmospheric chemical kinetics with sensitivity analysis

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An investigation and analysis of ‘headers’ in a high-fidelity pin-tool matrix

Pin tools generate three-dimensional profiles by the juxtaposition of pins in a matrix. To provide a higher surface definition, high-fidelity pin tools use small pins (sub-2 mm) in a close-packed arrangement; a consequence is the requirement for lateral clamping of the matrix to maintain the integrity of pin positions under applied process loads. This research investigates clamping of high-resolution pins; presents a heuristic rule on tool resolution; and shows that a method to determine the worst-case header depression force is theoretically in error. A novel square-with-rounded-corners (SRC) pin section is used that offers tool performance advantages by amending an observed matrix-build limitation from an absolute dimension to a variation in header section dimension. Results from experiments on matrix clamp-force transmission indicate that matrix disturbance and ‘lateral adjustment’ generate performance variations.