莱州湾大气颗粒相中多环芳烃及其衍生物的赋存特征

多环芳烃作为一类典型的持久性有毒物质,一直是环境领域关注的热点和重点,有关多环芳烃衍生物的报道,尤其是有关大气中烷基和硝基多环芳烃的研究报道仍非常缺乏。本研究选取莱州湾刁龙嘴为采集区域,对大气颗粒相样品中16种母体多环芳烃（PAHs）、12种烷基多环芳烃（A–PAHs）和25种硝基多环芳烃（N–PAHs）进行分析。结果表明,16种母体多环芳烃（Σ₁₆PAHs）的浓度范围为517.2 ~ 64124.8 pg/m3;12种烷基化多环芳烃（Σ₁₂A–PAHs）的浓度范围为273.6 ~ 5897.3 pg/m3;25种硝基化多环芳烃（Σ₂₅N–PAHs）的浓度范围为113.5 ~ 1032.3 pg/m3。3种类型多环芳烃的浓度和污染模式均表现出明显的季节变化特征,其中,夏季,2环、3环的PAHs、A–PAHs和N–PAHs比例相对较高,而冬季4环及以上单体的比例偏高。PAHs的特征比值表明,莱州湾刁龙嘴地区PAHs的来源主要以柴油、煤及生物质燃烧为主。Σ₁₆PAHs、Σ₁₂A–PAHs和Σ₂₅N–PAHs与温度均呈现出显著的负相关性（R2 = 0.94,p < 0.01;R2 = 0.61, p < 0.01;R2 = 0.74,p < 0.01）,说明温度是影响颗粒相吸附芳烃类物质的一个主要因素。此外,三者之间Pearson相关关系表明,PAHs及其衍生物表现出相同的污染来源和相似的环境行为。     

多环芳烃在某工业园区周边环境介质中的分布

采集并分析了位于某工业园区下风向2个村庄周围的土壤、积尘、空气、地下水和地表水样品中16种PAHs的浓度。发现以大气扩散和空气颗粒物沉降方式进入环境的PAHs,在各环境介质中的浓度为:积尘土壤空气地下水和地表水。通过分析样品中多环芳烃的组分发现:不同环境介质中PAHs的组分差异较大,而在两个村相同环境介质中组分较为相似。通过分析树脂吸附、颗粒物截留2种方式所采集的空气样品发现:二、三环多环芳烃主要存在于气相,五环以上的主要存在于颗粒物,四环在两相中同时存在。通过轮廓图法推测:所调查的2个村多环芳烃类污染物的主要来源相同。通过特征成分比值法发现:2个村空气颗粒物中的多环芳烃主要来源于燃煤污染源。     

南宁市多环境介质中多环芳烃分布特征

为了确定多环境介质中多环芳烃的浓度、组成和分布特征,采集南宁市冬夏季空气、大气干湿沉降物、土壤和地下水样品,利用16种多环芳烃的成分谱,结合其物理化学性质,分析多环芳烃在多环境介质中的浓度、组成和分布特征,结果表明:1空气和大气干湿沉降物中PAHs均以2~3环为主,由于冬夏季节差异性,冬季ΣPAHs浓度高于夏季;2土壤中PAHs以2~3环为主,且土壤颗粒粒径分布差异性是导致不同层位PAHs分布特征差异的主要原因;3地下水中PAHs检出种类少,检出量小,也表明土壤包气带能够"截留"较多的PAHs;416种PAHs在不同环境介质中质量分数均呈现由低环向高环递减的趋势,且两地区冬夏季2~3环和5~6环PAHs在各环境介质中分布特征具有较好的一致性,但也有一定的差异.这与PAHs的理化性质、水文地质条件、城市污染状况、天气状况等方面有关.     

胶州湾大沽河河口表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征、来源及生态风险评价

对胶州湾大沽河河口18个站点处表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量及其分布特征进行研究,并对其来源进行解析以及潜在风险展开评价。研究表明,大沽河河口表层沉积物中所测得的16种优先控制的多环芳烃总量为21.93×10-9~634.64×10-9,平均含量为239.41×10-9,根据沉积物中PAHs污染等级划分,大沽河河口PAHs污染状况属于中度污染,且7月份PAHs含量高于10月份。所有站点中16种PAHs平均含量最高的前三位分别为芴（58.10×10-9）、荧蒽（28.71×10-9）、芘（23.69×10-9）,含量最低的为苊（0.65×10-9）。同时与国内外多个海湾河口表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染状况比较,大沽河河口表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染状况处于中等水平,应引起注意。运用特征比值法及主成分分析法对研究区多环芳烃来源进行解析,显示大沽河河口表层沉积物中多环芳烃来源主要为机动车尾气排放及化石燃料等燃烧而产生的石油燃烧源及原油等直接泄漏导致的石油源。采用效应区间低、中值法（ERL/ERM）对大沽河河口表层沉积物中的多环芳烃进行生态风险评价,仅个别站点芴含量超出效应区间低值（ERL）,其余站点PAHs含量均在ERL值以下,对生态环境潜在负面效应很小。根据苯并（a）芘的等效致癌毒性（BEQ）评价发现大沽河河口表层沉积物中PAHs对人体健康不存在威胁。     

低山丘陵区焦化厂土壤中PAHs空间分布特征

为了解低山丘陵区焦化厂多环芳烃类污染物空间分布特征,对山西省低山丘陵区某106667m²焦化厂土壤中的16种多环芳烃浓度进行分析,分别从平面和垂向研究污染物迁移扩散规律,结果表明：首先,表层土壤的16种多环芳烃多分布于化产车间,在表层0~0.5m深度范围内土壤中污染物ΣPAHs浓度由高到低顺序为蒸氨洗苯区（991.33mg/kg） > 冷鼓脱硫区（406.50mg/kg） > 污水处理区（97.69mg/kg）;为说明PAHs来源,用高低环比例法进行多环芳烃单体分类计算统计,结果显示该场地的PAHs以M202,M228和M252的组合占优势,但M178仍占一定比例,因此污染源并非单一源,而是以油料燃烧释放的生成物即焦油的跑冒滴漏为主的石油源和燃烧源的混合源;其次,PAHs在不同车间的垂向分布存在差异.其中冷鼓脱硫区污染主要集中于3.0~4.0m,蒸氨洗苯区PAHs集中于地表0~0.5m,污水处理区PAHs集中于地表及深度1.0~2.0m处,这与污染区原工程工艺以及地层结构特点密切相关.     

钢铁工业区下风向土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及源解析

为了解钢铁工业区对土壤环境的影响以及土壤的污染状况,采集上海典型钢铁工业区下风向的14个表层土壤样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）检测了样品中16种优控PAHs（多环芳烃）的含量水平,分析了钢铁工业区下风向土壤中PAHs的组成分布特征,并利用比值法和主成分分析法对土壤中的PAHs进行溯源.结果表明,钢铁工业区下风向土壤中∑₁₆ PAHs（16种优控PAHs的含量）范围为167.0~2 355.0 μg/kg,∑₇PAHs（7种具有致癌作用的PAHs的含量）在∑₁₆ PAHs中平均比例为50.4%,近距离样区（< 1 km）表层土壤中∑₁₆ PAHs平均值最高,为1 057.7 μg/kg,远距离样区（5~10 km）污染相对较轻,平均值为381.4 μg/kg;宝3、宝6和宝9采样点于钢铁工业区烧结工艺的下风向,导致宝3采样点∑₁₆ PAHs最高,为2 355.0 μg/kg,宝3、宝6和宝9采样点土壤中PAHs含量依次降低;表层（0~20 cm）土壤中PAHs单体含量最高的为荧蒽,致癌性最强的苯并[a]芘含量范围为10.0~194.0 μg/kg,环数组成以4环为主,平均比例为46.3%,其次是5~6环,二者平均比例为39.9%,随着距离工业区越远,4环的组成比例越高,5~6环比例降低;比值法和主成分分析法结果显示土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油、煤的燃烧和机动车尾气的排放.研究显示,钢铁工业对多环芳烃贡献较大,下风向土壤中总多环芳烃的含量和高环多环芳烃比例都呈现明显的随距离递减特征,石油、煤的燃烧和机动车尾气的排放是其多环芳烃的最主要来源.      

大港地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃分布及污染源识别的研究

多环芳烃（PAHs）是一类对人体危害较大的有机污染物。目前对大气环境中PAHs来源识别技术还处于探索与发展阶段。为了解天津大港油田地区大气环境中PAHs污染状况与来源,对天津市大港地区大气颗粒物中10种PAHs分布及污染源开展了调查。结果表明：大港地区10种PAHs总浓度平均为169ng/m3,比市区对照点的465ng/m³低63.7％,其中苯并（a）芘（BaP）平均浓度为13.6ng/m³,比市区对照点的41.1ng/m³低66.9％。实验结果经统计处理发现BaP浓度与其它9种PAHs浓度存在一定的相关性,相关系数均在0.60以上。利用比值法进行源识别得出：大港石化区PAHs主要来源为燃煤污染;而大港油田区PAHs主要来源为燃油污染。     

长江和辽河沉积物中的多环芳烃类污染物

报道了长江和辽河沉积物中17种多环芳烃（PAHs）类污染物的含量及分布状况．所研究的长江南京段沉积物中多环芳烃总量变化范围为213.8～550.31ng/g（干重）,辽河新民段沉积物中多环芳烃总量变化范围为 27.45～198.26ng/g（干重）．测定结果表明,长江和辽河沉积物中多环芳烃具有不同的空间分布模式：长江段以南京市下游的沉积物中PAHs含量为最高,而辽河段则以新民市区的沉积物中PAHs含量为最高但总的来说,长江南京段沉积物中多环芳烃的污染水平明显高于辽河新民段沉积物所受的多环芳烃污染．     

象山港海水和沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征和来源研究

本文研究了象山港多环芳烃（PAHs）在沉积物-海水中的分布特征,于2017年1月对港口9个采样点的沉积物和海水中16种优先控制PAHs进行分析,采用同分异构比值法和逸度方法进行来源分析和扩散行为研究。沉积物中PAHs范围为17.51×10–9～84.41×10–9,主要为高环PAHs,处于轻度污染等级。沉积物中多环芳烃主要来自高温燃烧源。表层水体、中层水体和底层水体中PAHs范围分别为41.78～105.72 ng/L、41.51～106.34 ng/L和9.18～145.17 ng/L,主要由低环PAHs组成。表层水体中PAHs主要来源于石油泄漏和石油燃烧。利用逸度系数判断PAHs扩散行为,萘（Nap）、苊（Ace）和芴（Flo）由沉积物向海水释放;苊烯（Acy）、菲（Phe）、蒽（Ant）和芘（Pyr）在沉积物和海水中处于动态平衡;荧蒽（Flu）、苯并[a]蒽（BaA）、?（Chr）和苯并[b]荧蒽（BbF）主要从海水向沉积物扩散并富集。     

城市居民区空气中多环芳烃污染特征和来源分析

采集并测定了杭州市某居民区空气中 1 2种具有代表性的多环芳烃 (PAHs) ,测得各采样点空气中 1 2种PAHs浓度为 8.237～14.234μg/m³.该居民区内有些地方PAHs污染十分严重 ,空气质量较差 .区内空气中PAHs主要来自居民烹调、加热用气 (煤 ) ,汽车尾气对其也有一定的影响 .     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.