炭化温度对废旧布袋制备活性炭性能的影响及其表征

以水泥厂废旧除尘布袋为原料,KOH为活化剂制备了活性炭.利用热重分析法(TG-DTG)对废旧布袋热解过程进行分析;重点考察了不同炭化温度(400、450、500、550和600℃)对废旧布袋制备活性炭的产率及活性炭的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响;同时采用N2吸附等温线对最佳工艺条件制备的活性炭孔隙结构进行了表征.研究结果表明,500℃为最佳炭化温度.最佳炭化温度下制备的活性炭,碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和产率分别为1350.72 mg·g-1、97.5 mg·g-1和20.16%.活性炭比表面积高达1228.51 m2·g-1,总孔容达0.7134 cm3·g-1,孔径分布以微孔居多,N2吸附等温线为I型.     

高比表面生物质炭的制备、表征及吸附性能

以废弃生物质互花米草与棉秆为原料,采用KOH活化制备了高比表面积微孔生物质活性炭.研究了原料类别、浸渍比、炭化温度及保温时间对炭组成与吸附性能的影响,利用氮气吸附、X-射线衍射、红外光谱FT-IR、扫描电子显微镜SEM等技术对活性炭表面物化性质进行了分析,并通过BET方程、DFT密度函数理论及Horvath-Kawazoe方程对比表面积与孔分布进行了表征测定.结果表明,氢氧化钾活化制备互花米草与棉秆活性炭的适宜条件为浸渍比3:1、活化温度800℃、活化时间1.5 h.在此条件下制得的互花米草活性炭与棉秆活性炭的得率为16.36%和11.22%,BET比表面积高达2 825 m2.g-1和2 135 m2·g-1,孔容积分别为1.374 mg·g-1和1.038 cm3·g-1;孔径分布狭窄,95%的孔集中在3 nm以内.该条件下制备的互花米草与棉秆活性炭吸附性能好,对碘的吸附值分别为1 797 mg·g-1和1 251 mg·g-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为495 mg·g-1和478mg·g-1,均超过了国家水处理用活性炭一级品标准;2种生物质炭样品对水中2,4-二硝基苯酚的Langmuir最大吸附量分别为932 mg.g-1、747 mg·g-1,均优于普通活性炭与活性炭纤维.     

废旧Zn-C电池-活性污泥炭优化制备的研究

以污水处理厂二次污泥为主要原料,掺杂废旧Zn-C电池电极材料制备废旧Zn-C电池-活性污泥炭.同时,采用Plackett-Burman(P-B)和响应面中心复合实验设计(RSM-CCD)对影响污泥炭吸附性能的7个操作条件进行筛选和优化.P-B实验结果与统计学分析表明,掺杂比、炭化温度和炭化时间是影响吸附性能的3个关键因素.以碘吸附值为响应目标,对3个主要因素进行响应面法优化分析确定碘吸附模型,并得到最优操作条件为:掺杂比10%、炭化温度350℃和炭化时间20 min,此条件下制备的改性污泥炭的碘吸附值和比表面积分别达到530.1 mg·g~(-1)和429.5 m2·g~(-1);Zeta电位和阳离子交换容量分别为~(-1)5.50 m V、30.9×10-2mmol·g~(-1),更适合吸附重金属离子.     

污泥基活性炭的制备、表征及其应用

以城市生活污水厂脱水车间污泥为原料,采用化学活化法(ZnCl2为活化剂)在活化剂浓度为45%、活化温度为600℃、浸渍温度为45℃、活化时间为50min条件下制备污泥基活性炭。对污泥基活性炭进行了孔结构、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、XRD等表征分析。结果表明:该条件下制备出的污泥基活性炭碘吸附值为427.51mg/g,比表面积为329.48m2/g,大孔、中孔、微孔容积分别为0.19,0.12,0.15cm3/g。平均孔径为3.953nm。将其应用于生活污水处理,考察了污泥基活性炭投加量、pH、吸附时间对其吸附性能的影响。     

富含中孔与酸性基团的生物质炭的制备与吸附性能

以棉秆基生物质纤维为原料,采用磷酸一步活化法制备了同时富含中孔与含氧酸官能团的新型高比表面棉秆纤维基生物质活性炭,分析了浸渍比、炭化温度及保温时间等操作参数对活性炭纤维组成、得率、孔结构及表面官能团含量的影响,测定了制得的棉秆纤维基活性炭对水中对Pb(Ⅱ)与对硝基苯胺的等温吸附性能,并初步探讨了其吸附机制.结果表明,棉秆纤维基生物质炭孔结构与含氧酸基团因制备条件不同有较大变化,实验条件下制备的棉秆基活性炭纤维产率、中孔孔容与比表面的最大值分别为35.5%、0.91 cm3·g-1、1731 m2·g-1;在3∶2的浸渍比,600℃活化90 min的工艺条件下,制备的样品ACF-01的总孔孔容达1.02 cm3·g-1,比表面积为1 731 m2·g-1,微、中孔比例分别为66%与31%,中孔集中在5 nm以内,富含含氧酸官能团.样品ACF-01对水中Pb(Ⅱ)与对硝基苯胺的Langmuir最大吸附量分别为123 mg·g-1和427 mg·g-1,吸附性能远高于微孔孔容相近的商业活性炭纤维ACF-CK,这表明活性炭ACF-01的中孔和含氧酸官能团在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用.     

高比表面积铜藻基活性炭的制备及工艺优化

以铜藻为原料,在对其进行元素含量、生化组成分析的基础上,分别采用ZnCl2活化法和H3PO4活化法制备活性炭,并以活性炭得率、碘吸附值、焦糖脱色率为指标,采用正交法考察了升温速率、活化温度、浸渍比(活化剂/铜藻质量比)等因素的影响,得到最佳工艺条件.同时,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、Brunauer-Emmet-Tller(BET)比表面积等方法分析活性炭特征.结果表明,铜藻原料粒度对制得的活性炭性能影响显著,106～180μm的颗粒较为适合.ZnCl2活化法制得的活性炭吸附性能明显优于H3PO4活化法;ZnCl2活化法的最佳工艺条件为:升温速率10℃.min-1、活化温度600℃、活化时间2h、浸渍比4,在保证活性炭得率超过30%的基础上,制备的活性炭比表面积为2314.58m2.g-1,碘吸附值为835.3mg.g-1,焦糖脱色率为110%,性能明显优于其他大型海藻原料所制备的活性炭,是陆地传统活性炭原料的有效补充.     

咖啡渣制备活性炭工艺及其吸附性能

以咖啡渣为原料,采用真空热解及磷酸溶液辅助活化方式制备出活性炭,重点研究了不同活化参数对咖啡渣制备活性炭性能的影响.结果发现,咖啡渣热解自活化的最佳温度为450℃,在活化温度为600℃、真空度为-0.02 MPa、升温速率为20℃·min-1、活化时间为30 min、浸渍比为1.6条件下制备的活性炭吸附性能最佳,此时活性炭得率为27.1%,比表面积为1250 m~2·g~(-1),碘吸附值为1398.4 mg·g~(-1),亚甲基蓝吸附值为270.32 mg·g~(-1).最佳工艺条件下制备的活性炭吸附100 mg·L~(-1)的Cr(Ⅵ)试验表明,在投加量为7 g·L~(-1)、吸附时间为80 min、pH为3.0和吸附温度为15℃条件下,活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量最大,最大去除率为87%.     

秸秆污泥基活性炭的制备及吸附H2S的实验研究

以市政污泥和玉米秸秆的混合物为原材料,KOH为活化剂,制备了秸秆污泥基活性炭(AC).实验考察了秸秆与污泥用量比例,以及活化剂用量对秸秆污泥基活性炭物化特性的影响.结果显示,m(污泥)∶m(秸秆)∶m(KOH)为3∶7∶2的条件下,制备的活性炭C372以微孔为主,微孔率达到0.59,比表面积达到369.271 m2·g-1.该活性炭的穿透硫容与饱和硫容均最高,分别为5.82 mg·g-1(以H2S计)和7.00 mg·g-1(以H2S计),活性炭表面内酯基的存在不利于其对硫化氢的吸附.SEM和BET表征分析显示,随着秸秆在污泥中比例的增加,活性炭比表面积增大,对H2S的吸附量提高.活性炭C372具有较好的再生性能,二次再生后其穿透硫容与饱和硫容均能恢复55%以上.     

壳聚糖改性污泥活性炭的脱硫脱硝性能

用壳聚糖改性污泥活性炭,测试分析了改性污泥活性炭的脱硫脱硝性能.同时,用N2吸脱附法、电子扫描电镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱及X衍射等技术对改性污泥活性炭进行了表征,研究了改性条件对污泥活性炭脱硫脱硝性能的影响,探讨壳聚糖改性提高污泥活性炭脱硫脱硝性能的机理.结果表明,壳聚糖颗粒物能够较为均匀地分布于污泥活性炭的表面,壳聚糖与污泥活性炭结合良好,孔径也明显减小.壳聚糖与污泥活性炭是通过化学键结合的.改性时间与改性温度均可改变污泥活性炭的BET比表面积和孔容,但改性温度对BET比表面积和孔容的影响更为显著.具有最优孔结构的样品A3的BET比表面积、总孔容及中孔容分别为168.76m·2g-1、0.084cm·3g-1及0.041cm·3g-1.与污泥活性炭相比,改性污泥活性炭的脱硫脱硝性能优于污泥活性炭,这是由于壳聚糖中含氮与含氧官能团,丰富了污泥活性炭表面脱硫脱硝活性基团的种类与数量,利于SO2与NO的吸附氧化;通过适当控制改性条件,也可显著地增加BET比表面积和中孔容,以提高SO2与NO气体的物理吸附,从而提高其脱硫脱硝性能.     

KOH活化法制备牛粪活性炭的研究

以牛粪为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭,并考察了浸渍比、活化剂浓度、活化时间和活化温度等不同制备条件对牛粪活性炭样品性能的影响.实验结果表明,在浸渍比1∶4、KOH质量分数35%、活化时间60min、活化温度700℃条件下制备的活性炭性能最佳,制得的活性炭比表面积为979.8m2·g-1,碘吸附值可达796.37mg·g-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值可达150.30mg·g-1.最后,将制备的牛粪活性炭应用于对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附,研究了最佳工艺条件下制备的活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件.结果表明,在投加量为8g·L-1时、吸附时间90min、pH值为5和较低温度的适宜条件下,自制牛粪活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量最大.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.