庞泉沟自然保护区土壤呼吸空间分异性影响因素探测

土壤呼吸是维持全球碳平衡的重要过程.以庞泉沟自然保护区为研究区域,基于实地测量的土壤呼吸（R_s）数据,结合海拔（ELE）、土壤温度（T）、土壤水分（SWC）、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、坡度（slope）、土壤全碳（C）、总氮（N）和土壤容重（BD）,运用地理探测器模型分析了R_s空间分异的主要驱动力及其交互作用.结果表明：①研究区R_s及其影响因子的空间变异均为中等变异.R_s与NDVI、T和土壤N呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与ELE、slope和SWC呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,R_s与BD显著负相关（P<0.05）,与C相关性不显著（P>0.05）.②NDVI和T构成的多元线性模型可以解释R_s空间分异的64.3%.③ELE、T和NDVI为研究区R_s空间分异性的主导驱动力,可以解释64%、59%和48%的空间变异.④双因子的交互作用均能增强对R_s空间分异性的解释力,最大交互因子分别为ELE∩BD （q=0.73）和T ∩ slope （q=0.74）.因此,在R_s的估算过程中,结合地形及环境条件,应考虑多种因子之间的交互作用.     

大兴安岭林草交错带植被NDVI时空演变及定量归因

探究植被动态变化并识别其驱动因素对区域生态环境恢复与可持续发展具有重要意义.基于2000～2020年MODIS NDVI数据与同期气象、 DEM和土地利用类型等数据,运用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析与Hurst指数法,深入解析大兴安岭林草交错带植被时空变化特征,预测其未来演变规律,并引入地理探测器模型,定量揭示全域及不同自然地理分区尺度下,各探测因子及其交互作用对植被空间分异的影响程度和作用机制.结果表明：(1)时空演变上,2000～2020年大兴安岭林草交错带NDVI时空异质性明显,时间上以0.002 a^-1(P <0.05)的速率波动增长并于2011年发生上升突变;空间上呈“自西南向东北递增”分布格局,21年间NDVI等级转移以“中植被覆盖→中高植被覆盖”为主,植被改善区域面积远大于退化区域面积.(2)趋势预测上,大兴安岭林草交错带NDVI未来变化趋势主要为持续改善,占比37%,但以弱持续居多.(3)驱动机制上,风速、蒸发和相对湿度对全域NDVI空间分异的影响最为显著,21年间自然因素的影响呈削减态势,而人为因素的影响愈发增强,在不同植被区、...     

基于改进遥感生态指数的青藏公路那（曲）安（多）段生态环境评估及驱动机制分析

青藏公路沿线生态环境是西藏地区生态文明建设的重要组成部分,目前研究青藏高原独特的地理环境普遍存在数据获取困难、时效性过低及未考虑研究区独特的“高寒盐碱”环境状况等问题.基于GEE平台及研究区独特地理环境,对遥感生态指数（RSEI）进行改进,采用主成分分析法构建一种新的适用于高寒盐碱地区的盐碱遥感生态指数（SRSEI）作为生态环境质量评价指标,利用ArcGIS 10.3平台、地理探测器等方法在多时空尺度下分析青藏公路那曲至安多段沿线生态环境质量空间分布格局与时间变异趋势,并探究自然和人为等8个控制因子对SRSEI时空变化的驱动机制.结果表明：①相较于RSEI,SRSEI对植被更加敏感,对植被稀疏和盐碱化严重地区的分辨能力更强,适合高寒盐碱区生态质量评价.②研究区生态环境质量空间尺度上存在明显的地理分异性,生态质量较差的区域主要集中在北部安多县城,质量等级为优和良地区主要分布在中西部和东南部那曲地区;时间尺度上32年间研究区生态环境整体呈改善趋势,中西部和东南部植被覆盖度明显增加,对生态环境有很强的改善作用,改善面积1 425.98 km²,占比99.82%.SRSEI均值为0.49,总体呈波动上升趋势,平均增幅为0.015 7 a^-1.③土地利用方式是研究区生态环境质量变化中驱动力最大的影响因子,多年份平均q值0.1576,环境因子的影响力较低;多因子交互结果显示,研究区的生态环境现状是多重因素共同作用的结果,所有因子在交互作用下均有协同增强的作用,且人为因素的影响力在逐步上升,植被净初级生产力（NPP）和土地利用方式交互作用是研究区生态环境质量的主要交互控制因子.该研究可为那曲至安多段沿线生态环境保护和可持续发展提供理论依据.     

贵阳市花溪区表层土壤硒空间分异特征及其影响因素

探究区域性土壤硒的空间分异特征及其变化规律,分析不同环境因素对土壤硒水平空间分异的影响,对于增强富硒优质资源的精准管理、预防土壤硒环境问题等方面具有重要意义.以贵阳市花溪区2019个表层土壤（0~20 cm）样品为对象,综合运用全局Moran''s I指数、冷热点分析、半方差函数和克里金插值等方法,从不同角度揭示花溪区土壤硒的空间结构特征和分布规律,并通过方差分析和地理探测器,系统分析了环境因子对其空间分异特征的影响.结果表明：①花溪区土壤硒含量为0.121~8.180 mg·kg^-1,平均值为0.643 mg·kg^-1,变异系数为56.9%,具有中等程度变异性;依据不同土壤硒含量分级标准,研究区土壤均以富硒为主.②土壤硒在全局空间上呈聚集性分布,局部区域中热点（高值）区集中分布在西北部、北部、西南部、南部;块基比（20.6%）表明土壤硒在空间上具有强烈的空间自相关性,结构性因素是主要影响因素.③在空间分布上,除东北部、东南部集中分布含硒土壤外,其余乡镇均分布大面积的富硒土壤,共计面积占比87.7%,其中特级、一级土壤资源主要分布在西北部、北部;北部及东南部零星分布着硒过剩土壤.④地理探测器结果表明,不同环境因子对土壤硒的空间变异解释能力从大到小依次为：土壤类型（11.7%）＞母岩类型（8.1%）＞有机质含量（6.4%）＞海拔高度（3.5%）＞pH（1.1%）＞土地利用方式（0.8%）,并且土壤类型和母岩类型与其他因子交互作用的q值均较大,因此土壤类型和成土母岩是引起花溪区土壤硒空间变异的主控因子.     

1998~2016中国八大经济区植被覆盖对PM2.5浓度时空分布的影响

目前很少有PM_2.5污染与植被覆盖的相关性深入研究,尝试对此进行补充.基于1998~2016年的PM_2.5和归一化植被指数（NDVI）的栅格数据,以中国内地八大经济区为研究对象,对NDVI值进行3个等级划分（低植被覆盖区、中植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区）,并计算相应等级的PM_2.5污染浓度.在此基础上,从NDVI的景观尺度和类型尺度分析PM_2.5污染的时空特征,然后利用面板数据模型定量化NDVI景观格局指数对PM_2.5的影响.结果表明：①北部沿海、东部沿海、南部沿海、长江中游和东北经济区在植被覆盖相对较低的区域,PM_2.5污染较严重;而黄河中游、西南地区及大西北经济区则在植被覆盖相对较低的区域表现出较轻的PM_2.5污染;②大部分区域的PM_2.5随时间变化呈显著上升趋势;③PM_2.5与NDVI景观格局指数相关性显著（P<0.05）的区域相对较少;④景观形状指数（LSI）、斑块面积比（PLAND）、斑块数量（NP）、最大斑块占景观面积比（LPI）和聚集度指标（AI）指数对PM_2.5的影响都表现出明显的空间异质性.     

东北多年冻土区植被NDVI变化及其对气候变化和土地覆被变化的响应

利用1982~2006年的NOAA AVHRR-GIMMS和MODIS 2种数据集的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据对东北多年冻土区植被NDVI年际动态和空间差异进行分析,并结合气象数据和土地利用/覆被数据分析了植被NDVI对气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化的响应.研究表明,东北多年冻土区植被NDVI值较高,且空间差异明显;森林为该区主要植被类型,NDVI值较高,主要分布于大小兴安岭和伊春地区;草地集中分布于西南部, NDVI值相对较低.东北多年冻土区过去25a间植被生长的变化趋势为:伴随着气温的显著升高和降水量减少,植被NDVI显著下降.较气温而言,降水量是影响植被NDVI的主要因子(r = 0.77, P < 0.01).在气候变化和人类活动的双重作用下,东北多年冻土区植被NDVI在1982~2006年间表现为4个阶段:1982~1990年,植被NDVI虽有小幅波动,但整体上呈持续增加的趋势;1990~1993年,植被NDVI呈迅速下降趋势; 1993~1997年,植被NDVI呈现回升态势,表现出缓慢上升的趋势;1998~2006年,植被NDVI呈现总体下降趋势.不同植被类型表现出不同的NDVI年际变化规律,尤以草地NDVI值波动最大.植被NDVI变化空间异质性显著.气候变化和多年冻土退化影响了东北多年冻土区植被NDVI动态.年均气温升高和年降水量降低影响了植被的生长.从像元尺度来看,研究区植被NDVI与气温和降水均具有较显著的相关性.研究区土地利用/覆被变化的分析结果表明,不同的土地利用类型间的转变对植被NDVI的大小和空间分布产生了重要影响.     

基于NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光的长株潭地区县域土地利用碳排放空间分异研究

从县域尺度开展土地利用碳排放空间分异研究,对指导区域实现碳达峰及碳中和目标具有重要意义.基于2013—2019年NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据测算长株潭地区县域土地利用碳排放,并运用探索性空间数据分析和地理探测器,对长株潭地区县域土地利用碳排放空间分异特征及影响因素进行分析.结果显示：①2013—2019年,长株潭地区县域土地利用碳排放差异较为显著,基本上在波动中呈递减趋势,空间上呈现自中部地区向四周地区渐弱的态势;②2013—2019年,研究区土地利用碳排放Moran''s I值呈"上升下降再上升"的趋势,由2013年的0.275841最终减少为2019年的0.270621,空间集聚特征较为显著,总体呈正相关;局部空间自相关均未出现高低、低低集聚型区域,且高高集聚型区域固定为湘潭市市辖区;③综合4年指标探测结果来看,长株潭地区县域土地利用碳排放影响因素的解释力q值为0.200~0.868.其中,单位能源消耗碳排放、第一产业产值比重、人均土地面积、土地利用程度指数、城镇化率在研究期间出现频率较高且出现时的q值均大于0.50,且任意两个影响因素交互作用后影响力表现为双因子增强和非线性增强.     

水位波动和植被恢复对三峡水库消落带土壤原核微生物群落结构的交互影响

水库消落带是典型的生态脆弱敏感区.水位波动是影响消落带土壤环境的主要因素,植被恢复是消落带土壤保育的重要手段.然而,在水库消落带中,水位波动和植被恢复对土壤微生物群落结构的交互影响尚不清楚.为此,选取三峡水库消落带中不同水位高程的撂荒草地和人工林地为研究对象,利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术探究土壤原核微生物群落组成和多样性,并探讨驱动土壤原核微生物群落结构的主要环境因子.结果表明,消落带的低水位高程中土壤原核微生物α多样性最高,其中163 m高程的Pielou_e指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数显著高于168 m高程,Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于173 m高程.但撂荒草地和人工林地的土壤菌群α多样性并无显著差异.同时,水位波动和植被恢复均对土壤原核微生物的群落组成产生显著影响,不同样地中生物标志物类别具有明显差异.值得注意的是,植被恢复模式差异对土壤原核微生物群落结构的影响强于水位波动.此外,层次分割结果显示土壤pH是三峡水库消落带土壤原核微生物群落结构变化的主要驱动因子.以上结果可深化对水库消落带土壤微生物群落结构的认识,并为水库消落带生态系统的恢复重建提供科学参考.     

基于地理探测器的甘肃省植被覆盖时空变化及驱动力分析

准确量化人类活动和气候变化对生态环境退化的作用,探讨不同驱动因子的主次关系,是当前区域生态环境研究中的热点。本文基于1982—2015年的归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）,结合自然因素和人为因素,选取15个涵盖气候、地形地貌、社会经济等方面的因子,采用趋势分析法和地理探测器模型,对甘肃省植被NDVI的时空变化特征及驱动力进行探测。结果表明：甘肃省NDVI在空间上呈现从东南向西北递减,且低植被覆盖度区域和高植被覆盖度区域呈现“两极化”的分布规律,分别占全省植被面积的39.2%和17.8%。省内大部分地区NDVI呈现增长趋势,植被显著改善区域主要集中在陇东、陇中地区。降水量、植被类型、人均粮食占有量、土壤类型、土地利用类型是甘肃省NDVI空间分布的主要驱动因子,解释力均大于0.5,且双因子的叠加作用大于单因子的作用。本研究有助于揭示不同因子对甘肃省植被变化的驱动机制,为生态环境建设和资源利用管理提供科学参考。     

2010～2019年雅鲁藏布江中游植被变化及其对气候因子的响应——以拉林铁路段为例

基于2010~2019年MOD13Q1/NDVI数据,结合研究区地形、1∶100万植被类型图和气象数据,采用趋势分析法、相关分析方法,探讨在气候变化背景下雅鲁藏布江拉林铁路段植被覆盖的时空演变规律及植被与气温、降水的相关性研究。结果表明,2010~2019年研究区生长季NDVI值呈波动上升趋势,增速为0.2%/10a; NDVI值呈四周高中部低,区域植被覆被改善面积(65.66%)大于退化面积(34.34%);植被覆盖变化与同期的降水呈正相关关系,与气温呈负相关;研究区植被生长对降水较气温更敏感,且西部冲积平原、山南宽谷及米林宽谷的灌丛、草原、高山植被和少量的针叶林对水热条件响应较强。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.