可降解微塑料对铜和锌离子的吸附解吸特性

为了评估可降解微塑料对共存污染物的载体效应,对可降解微塑料PLA（聚乳酸）对重金属污染物（Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺）的吸附和解吸行为进行了探究,同时选择常规微塑料PP（聚丙烯）进行对照实验.在紫外老化过程中,微塑料（MPs）均表现为表面出现裂纹、凹坑,比表面积增大,负电荷增多,含氧官能团强度增强,亲水性增强.较之PP,PLA在紫外老化过程中理化性质的改变尤为明显.老化后MPs的吸附能力远大于老化前,老化PLA对Cu²⁺的最大吸附量可达5.56mg/g,约为新制PLA（2.27mg/g）的2.5倍;老化前后PLA对重金属的吸附量均高于PP.解吸实验表明,老化后MPs对重金属的解吸率均低于老化前,而老化前后PLA对Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺的解吸量及解吸率均高于PP.较之胃液环境,老化前后MPs对金属离子的解吸更易在肠液环境中进行.说明PLA相对于PP对重金属具有更强的载体作用,且PLA更容易将重金属污染物释放到人体内,进而对人体健康造成威胁.     

MOFs材料在废水污染物吸附治理中的应用研究进展

介绍了国内外MOFs材料吸附去除废水中各种污染物的研究进展,主要针对重金属离子(Hg²⁺、U⁶⁺、Cr⁶⁺、Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺、Co²⁺、Sb⁵⁺、Sr²⁺)及类金属离子(As³⁺、As⁵⁺)、有机污染物(染料分子、芳香化合物)等的去除,分析了MOFs及改性MOFs材料对废水中污染物的吸附性能;展望了MOFs材料在废水污染物吸附治理中的应用前景,提出高稳定性及具有催化性质的MOFs材料是用于废水中污染物吸附治理的理想材料。     

微塑料老化对其理化性质和盐酸四环素吸附行为的影响研究

微塑料(MPs)是一种新型污染物,因广泛存在于水体环境中而备受关注.为了探明微塑料的老化过程及与共存有机污染物的相互作用,本研究以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)为目标微塑料,探究了紫外辐照(UV：照度135.8μW·cm^-2,λ=340 nm)和紫外活化过氧化氢(UV+30%H₂O₂) 2种老化方式对微塑料(MPs)理化性质及对盐酸四环素(TH)吸附性能的影响,并分析了pH和盐度等环境因素对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,2种老化方式均使HDPE和PVC微塑料产生大量裂纹和褶皱,结晶度增加,含氧官能团增多,疏水性减弱.原始MPs对TH的吸附动力学与准一级动力学模型相吻合,而老化MPs则更符合准二级动力学模型,且它们的主要吸附模式均为液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散.老化MPs对TH的吸附符合Freundlich模型,属于非均匀表面的多层吸附.老化处理增强了MPs对TH吸附能力,其中,HDPE-UV和HDPE-UV/H₂O₂的平衡吸附量(Q_e)分别为2.023...     

光老化对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯基可降解微塑料吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响及其机制

微塑料可以在水中吸附重金属并作为载体共同迁移,且微塑料会在水中受光照而老化,影响其吸附能力和吸附机制.本研究通过XRD、FTIR、SEM/EDS等分析手段对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯基可降解微塑料(PBS-MPs)进行了表征,探究了光老化过程对PBS-MPs吸附水中Pb(Ⅱ)的影响及其机制.结果表明,光老化能增加PBS-MPs表面亲水性含氧基团及活性吸附位点数量,对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附容量从64.13μg·g^-1提升至362.06μg·g^-1;Pb(Ⅱ)在P-PBS上的吸附符合Elovich动力学模型,吸附机制包括表面络合、静电作用和孔填充/扩散作用.光老化会强化可降解微塑料对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附,从而促进Pb(Ⅱ)的迁移,二者共存可对水环境带来更为严重的生态风险.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体老化微塑料及对Zn (II)吸附的影响

为了在实验中缩短微塑料的老化时间,更真实地模拟自然老化条件,采用介质阻挡放电（DBD）等离子体老化聚乙烯微塑料（PE-MP）和聚丙烯微塑料（PP-MP）,同时研究了老化前后PE-MP和PP-MP对Zn （II）的吸附过程和机理.随着放电时间延长和输入电压升高,微塑料表面出现微小裂纹或孔洞,形成含氧官能团.老化后PE-MP和PP-MP对Zn （II）的吸附容量分别提高了22.7%和14.8%.老化前后微塑料对Zn （II）的吸附均符合准二级动力学模型.颗粒内扩散模型表明,Zn （II）在微塑料上的吸附过程可分为快速吸附,慢速吸附和吸附平衡3个阶段.同时,老化前后微塑料对Zn （II）的吸附均符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型.热力学结果表明,微塑料对Zn （II）的吸附是自发的吸热过程.Ca²⁺、腐殖酸和低pH值不利于微塑料对Zn （II）的吸附.     

老化作用对微塑料吸附镉的影响及其机制

新兴污染物微塑料被证实可吸附传统重金属污染物镉（Cd）,而其在自然环境中不可避免地经历老化过程而发生改变,目前囊括多种材质的微塑料并涉及关键的老化作用对其吸附Cd影响的综合性和机制性的研究仍缺乏．选取PS、ABS、PP、PVC和PET等5种代表性的微塑料,通过紫外辐射法进行老化,全面对比了老化前后微塑料比表面积、结晶度、表面官能团和表面元素等理化性质的变化,以及其对Cd的等温吸附过程的差异,探讨了相关影响机制．结果表明：（1）微塑料老化后比表面积未发生显著改变,但结晶度显著降低．表面官能团也发生了一定的变化,尤其是C—O和O—C=O官能团比例增加,且总O含量以及O/C显著增加．（2）Langmuir模型能很好地拟合老化前后微塑料对Cd的等温吸附过程．老化作用增加了微塑料对Cd的吸附能力,其饱合吸附量极显著增大．老化前微塑料对Cd的饱合吸附量排序为：ABS(0.228 4 mg·g^-1)>PVC(0.136 0mg·g^-1)>PS(0.128 6 mg·g^-1)>PP(0.100 5 mg·g^-...     

SnS2/α-Al2O3对酸性废水中汞离子的去除机制

基于硫化物与汞亲和性较强的特性,构建了SnS₂/α-Al₂O₃复合型除汞吸附剂材料.实验结果表明,该复合材料对Hg²⁺的最大吸附容量可达950mg/g,其吸附效果不受pH值（酸性pH=1~6）影响,汞浓度为65mg/L时,均能达到近100%的汞去除效率.同时,吸附过程不会受其他金属离子（Cd²⁺、Cr³⁺、Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Ni²⁺、Co²⁺等）的强烈干扰,汞浓度为1mmol/L条件下,汞的去除速率及效率均未有很大差距.吸附过程未有大量Sn²⁺析出,证明了该复合材料的酸性稳定性.通过吸附动力学以及吸附机制研究表明,该吸附过程为单层化学吸附.通过盐酸溶液浸泡洗涤,可以实现SnS₂/α-Al₂O₃复合材料的再生和循环使用.     

模拟环境老化对PE微塑料吸附Zn(II)的影响

探讨了酸处理（1mol/L HCl）、碱处理（1mol/L NaOH）、氧化处理（30% H₂O₂）和高温-冻融处理（70℃和-22℃交替）4种老化方式对聚乙烯（PE）微塑料表面性质和Zn（II）吸附行为的影响.结果表明,4种老化方式均使PE微塑料表面出现大量的粗糙褶皱结构,但未改变表面化学结构.4种老化方式均导致PE微塑料Zn（II）吸附量的增加,其顺序为：碱处理 > 酸处理 > 氧化处理 > 高温-冻融处理 > 原样.PE微塑料吸附Zn（II）的动力学过程符合Lagrange准二级吸附动力学和W-M颗粒扩散模型,说明吸附过程是多个吸附阶段共同作用的结果,吸附等温线符合Langmuir和D-R模型,证实PE微塑料对Zn（II）的吸附属于物理吸附,老化使PE微塑料表面出现的大量褶皱是其Zn（II）吸附量增加的主要原因.     

微塑料老化对水土环境中磷吸附行为的影响

作为一种具有吸附能力的新型污染物，微塑料对环境中污染物的吸附作用会加剧其对环境的污染。该文通过紫外灯照射120 d对聚乙烯（PE）、聚苯乙烯（PS）和聚氯乙烯（PVC）3种微塑料进行老化处理，研究老化作用对微塑料吸附水土环境中磷的影响。结果表明，老化过程使微塑料表面出现大量褶皱、碎片和沟壑，比表面积增大，含氧官能团数量显著增加。相比于原始塑料，老化微塑料对磷的吸附量均有所增加，由此说明老化过程提高了微塑料的吸附能力。老化前后微塑料对磷吸附行为均较好地符合准二级动力学模型（R2>0.964），表明老化前后微塑料对磷的吸附是以化学吸附为主。老化前后的微塑料更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型（R2>0.961），表明磷在各微塑料上吸附以单层吸附为主。p H对微塑料吸附磷影响显著，老化前后的微塑料随pH的增加对磷的单位吸附量均呈“U型”趋势，且老化后微塑料的吸附量均高于老化前。在pH为9时老化PE、PS、PVC对磷的吸附量达到最大，分别为0.752、0.758、0.896 mg/g。随土壤中微塑料添加比例的增大，土壤-微塑料体系对磷的吸附量提升有限；相较于添加原始微塑料的土壤-微塑...     

老化前后聚苯乙烯微塑料对天然有机物的吸附

随着地表水环境中微塑料的不断检出,微塑料污染受到广泛关注.微塑料是一类比表面积较大的疏水性物质,具有一定的吸附作用,其势必对地表水中的天然有机物产生影响.此外,暴露于自然环境下的微塑料也会受到紫外辐射或氧化等过程的影响,从而改变其物理化学性质,影响其对天然有机物的作用.本文开展了聚苯乙烯微塑料(mPS)经紫外和过氧化氢老化前后吸附腐殖酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)的对比研究.结果表明,老化过程使微塑料的孔隙和表面粗糙度明显增加,比表面积有大幅提高,但结晶度减小,官能团没有明显变化.疏水性的mPS微塑料对HA的吸附效果好于FA,且老化微塑料对两种有机物的吸附能力皆高于老化前,微塑料的吸附能力与比表面积大小呈正相关关系.吸附试验数据皆较好地拟合了准二级动力学模型(R²>0.93)和Freundlich模型(R²>0.91),微塑料对HA和FA的吸附以多层不均匀的物理吸附为主,两者在微塑料上的吸附分别为自发的放热和吸热反应过程.试验微塑料对HA和FA的吸附能力皆随着pH的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势.两种有机物在超纯水和地表水介质中的解吸率具有...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.