基于MGWR模型的中国城市PM2.5影响因素空间异质性

基于全国297个地级市2018年PM_2.5浓度数据、自然与社会经济数据,采用多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）模型分析了各影响因素对PM_2.5浓度的作用尺度与影响效果的空间异质性.结果表明,MGWR模型适用于中国地级市PM_2.5浓度影响因素研究.在作用尺度上,人均GDP、技术支持水平作用尺度最大,其次是相对湿度、居民地比重、人口密度与风速,降水量、第二产业比重、植被覆盖状况、温度与能源消费强度作用尺度最为局限.在影响效果上,相对湿度、人口密度与居民地比重全部为正向作用;第二产业比重和能源消费强度主要为正向作用,分别占总样本的70.71%与64.98%;风速、温度既存在正向作用也存在负向作用,空间上呈两极分化,其中正向作用分别占总样本的49.83%与57.91%;降水量、植被覆盖状况主要为负向作用,分别占总样本的91.58%与69.70%;人均GDP、技术支持水平全部为负向作用.研究结果表明各因素对于中国城市PM_2.5浓度的影响均存在着不同程度的空间异质性.     

成渝城市群PM2.5的时空分布及其影响因素研究

随着工业化与城镇化的深入推进,成渝城市群的PM_2.5污染不断加剧,呈明显的区域性与复合性特征.该研究以2015—2017年成渝城市群空气质量监测站的日均ρ（PM_2.5）数据为基础,结合区域气象、遥感与统计年鉴等多源数据,采用反距离插值法分析了ρ（PM_2.5）的时空分布差异,采用Moran's I指数与LISA指数探索了ρ（PM_2.5）的全局和局部空间自相关性,并利用空间回归模型研究了自然、经济社会等因素对ρ（PM_2.5）的影响.结果表明:①成渝城市群ρ（PM_2.5）分布存在明显的时空差异.时间上,2015年PM_2.5污染最严重,ρ（PM_2.5）年均值为54.38 μg/m3,2016年、2017年PM_2.5污染状况逐年减轻,ρ（PM_2.5）年均值分别为53.68与47.56 μg/m3;空间上,成渝城市群东北部ρ（PM_2.5）较低,而南部ρ（PM_2.5）较高.②空间自相关分析结果表明,PM_2.5污染在成渝城市群存在显著的空间聚集性,成渝城市群南部ρ（PM_2.5）呈高值-高值聚集,成渝城市群北部ρ（PM_2.5）则呈低值-低值聚集.③空间回归结果表明,成渝城市群范围内某一地区邻近区域的ρ（PM_2.5）平均值增加1%时,该地区ρ（PM_2.5）将上升至少0.38%.城镇化率对ρ（PM_2.5）的影响最大,其次是第一产业增加值,再次是工业增加值占比和降水量.城镇化率、降水量与ρ（PM_2.5）呈负相关,而第一产业增加值、工业增加值占比与ρ（PM_2.5）呈正相关.研究显示,加快城镇化进程、减少第一产业排放、降低工业增加值占比（尤其是重污染工业）是有效解决成渝城市群PM_2.5污染的重要手段.      

山东省AQI、颗粒物和臭氧时空演化特征及关键影响因素识别分析

山东省空气质量存在明显的时空差异,并受气象和社会经济因子等的综合影响.为了解山东省空气质量指数(AQI)以及颗粒物和臭氧(O₃)浓度等时空演化特征,探究颗粒物与O₃浓度之间的协同关系,基于山东省16个地级市2013年12月—2021年12月的AQI和空气污染物(SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM_2.5和PM₁₀)浓度数据与同期的气象数据、工业及生活污染物(氨氮、SO₂、氮氧化物和烟尘、粉尘等)排放量和社会经济数据,运用R语言和ArcGIS对各地区AQI与PM_2.5和O₃浓度等的时间和空间变化特征及关键影响因素识别分析.结果表明：(1)山东省AQI和空气污染物浓度具有明显的月际、季节和年际变化特征以及地区性差异.鲁东地区各季节空气质量明显优于鲁西地区,呈现由东向西空气污染愈加严重的趋势. PM_2.5浓度呈鲁西地区最高,鲁中、鲁南和鲁北地区次之,鲁东地区...     

广州地区秋季PM2.5和臭氧复合污染的观测研究

利用2019年9—10月广州市海珠湖大气成分观测站地表的气象要素和空气质量参数及垂直的颗粒物激光雷达观测资料,探讨不同PM_2.5-O₃污染类型对应的气象要素及大气污染物日变化特征、边界层内气溶胶分布特征,并对发生高PM_2.5-高O₃的成因进行分析.观测期间共出现25 d低PM_2.5-低O₃日（清洁日）、12 d低PM_2.5-高O₃日（污染日Ⅰ）和20 d高PM_2.5-高O₃日（污染日Ⅱ）.对气象要素和污染物特征的分析表明,污染日Ⅱ在11:00—16:00的平均气温均超过30℃,相对湿度均低于60%,日均风速和最大J（NO₂）分别为0.88 m·s^-1和0.007 s^-1.污染日Ⅱ与清洁日相比,其对应的气象要素表现为显著的高温低湿特征;与单一的O₃污染日相比则表现为略低的光化辐射和较低...     

基于高空间分辨网格的郑州市城镇居民PM2.5暴露浓度与健康风险变化评估

近年来,我国以PM_2.5为特征污染物的复合型大气污染问题依然严峻,居民长期暴露在PM_2.5环境中会造成健康损伤,可以增加特定疾病过早死亡.郑州市PM_2.5浓度年均值远高于国家Ⅱ级标准,对居民健康造成了极为不利的影响.基于网络数据爬取建立的高空间分辨率人口密度网格,依据室外浓度监测数据和城镇居民源排放量,评估了包括室内和室外暴露的郑州市城镇居民的PM_2.5暴露水平,并采用综合暴露-反应模型量化了相应的健康风险,最后评估了不同削减措施与空气质量标准对降低城镇居民PM_2.5暴露浓度的贡献.结果表明,2017年和2019年郑州市城镇居民的时间加权PM_2.5暴露浓度年均值分别为74.06μg·m^-3和60.64μg·m^-3,下降了18.12%.其中室内暴露浓度占时间加权暴露浓度的质量分数分别为83.58%和83.01%,对时间加权暴露浓度下降的贡献率为84.06%. 2017年和2019年郑州市与PM_2.5     

基于空间插值的西安市重空气污染期间主要污染物时空变化特征及相关性分析

西安市是我国承东启西、连接南北的战略性枢纽城市,但其长期受到重空气污染的影响.基于2018年11月24日-12月3日西安市及其周边7个地级市共38个环境质量监测站点的逐时数据,利用空间插值、趋势分析和相关性分析方法,研究了西安市一次重空气污染期间六大污染物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO、NO₂、SO₂和O₃）的质量浓度时空变化及彼此间的相关关系.结果表明:①IDW（inverse distance weighting,反距加权插值法）和OKri（ordinary Kriging,普通克里格插值法）均能较好地获得西安市空气污染物的时空变化情况,但IDW的插值精度优于OKri,距离指数为7的IDW可以满足西安市空气污染物时空变化模拟的要求.②研究期间,西安市首要污染物为PM_2.5和PM₁₀,二者分别是中度-重度污染及严重-"爆表"污染天气的首要贡献因子.③ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（CO）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（SO₂）均呈中部高、两边低,北部高、南部低的空间分布特点,而ρ（O₃）则相反;PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃污染程度日趋严重,NO₂污染程度逐渐缓解.④ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）之间呈中等正相关,三者在时空变化上具有较高的一致性;ρ（SO₂）与ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）均呈弱正相关;ρ（O₃）与ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）均呈弱负相关.受扬尘天气和特殊风向及地形共同影响,西安市PM₁₀出现"爆表"现象,导致ρ（PM₁₀）与其他污染物质量浓度之间的相关性不明显.研究显示,距离指数为7的IDW适合西安市空气污染情况时空变化的模拟,重污染天气条件下,西安市ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）之间具有较高的同源性,但各污染物间时空变化和相关性关系较复杂.      

城市公园不同植被结构绿地削减空气颗粒物浓度研究

随着城市化和工业化进程的加快,空气颗粒物污染成为城市最为严峻的环境问题之一.依据植被的横向结构、竖向结构及植被类型3个因子对宝鸡市公园绿地进行划分,并选取11种不同植被结构的绿地,在分析地点、时间、风速、温度、相对湿度、绿地面积等环境因子对绿地内空气中ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）"本底效应"影响的基础上,探究不同植被结构绿地对空气颗粒物质量浓度削减作用的差异.结果表明:①在不同监测地点和监测时段内,ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）有极显著差异,植物养护管理程度较高的城市公园绿地对空气颗粒物质量浓度削减作用较为明显,一天中空气颗粒物质量浓度呈现出早晚高、中午低的变化趋势;②风速、温度、相对湿度对ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）有极显著影响,在晴朗、无风或微风天气条件下,ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）随风速的增大、温度的减小、相对湿度的增大而增大,且ρ（PM₁₀）变化范围大于ρ（PM_2.5）;③1 hm2以下绿地面积的变化对ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）无显著影响;④不同植被结构绿地内ρ（PM_2.5）无显著差异,但ρ（PM₁₀）有极显著差异,其中开敞式以灌木为主的绿地中ρ（PM₁₀）最低,多层闭合式阔叶林中ρ（PM₁₀）最高,其余9种植被结构绿地削减作用居中且相近.研究显示,不同植被结构的城市公园绿地对ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）的削减作用存在一定的差异且受多种环境因素的共同制约,可为优化城市绿地植被结构进而有效改善空气质量提供依据.      

基于AOD数据和GWR模型估算京津冀地区PM2.5浓度

利用MODIS气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）数据针对不同土地覆盖类型的适用性,提出了一种基于土地覆盖类型的AOD融合方法,生成了一种新的3km AOD数据集.在此基础上,通过地理加权回归（GWR）模型估算了京津冀地区2016年PM_2.5浓度,并用交叉验证的方法对模型性能进行评价.结果表明：利用融合后的AOD数据建立的模型可解释PM_2.594.85%的浓度变化,交叉验证R²为0.94,RMSE为9.27μg/m³,MPE为6.72μg/m³,明显优于多元线性回归（MLR）模型;基于GWR模型估算的京津冀地区2016年年均PM_2.5浓度为58.57μg/m³,其中冬季PM_2.5浓度最高,春秋季次之,夏季浓度最低,PM_2.5月均浓度变化范围32.78~140.83μg/m³,8月份浓度最低,12月份浓度最高;空间分布南北差异显著,衡水市PM_2.5污染最为严重,张家口市PM_2.5浓度较低.利用此方法成功弥补了PM_2.5空间缺失,为城市尺度的健康效应和环境流行病学研究提供数据支持.     

长三角地区PM2.5浓度对土地利用/覆盖转换的空间异质性响应

长三角地区PM_2.5污染受区域空间效应的影响,其可持续治理方向仍不清晰.结合随机森林、空间计量模型和多尺度地理加权回归模型（MGWR）,探讨PM_2.5浓度对土地利用/覆盖转换的多尺度空间响应过程.结果表明：（1） 2000～2018年长三角地区PM_2.5浓度呈现出4类空间连续聚集的时空变化模式,区域性同步变化强烈;（2）土地转换对PM_2.5浓度的相对影响表现复杂,耕地与林地的源-汇效应显著.邻域分析表示周围聚集性土地利用/覆盖转换普遍比单一像元时作用更显著,空间效应明显;（3） PM_2.5浓度变化与林地、草地转换类型大多呈显著负相关,与耕地、建设用地和水体之间的转换类型呈显著正相关.随机森林模型重要性排序及相关系数强度表明：耕地-耕地（29.65%及0.650）、林地-林地（26.98%及0.726）、建设用地-耕地（22.57%及0.519）、耕地-林地（17.84%及0.602）和耕地-建设用地（16.34%及0.424）之间转换对PM_2.5浓度变化贡...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控时期上海市空气质量特征及成因分析

为研究新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情防控政策实施对上海市大气污染物质量浓度的影响,利用上海市内环某高层顶楼微环境平台观测了政策实施前10 d（2020-01-14—23）和实施后20 d（2020-01-24—02-12）的PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度及气象要素（温度、相对湿度、风向、风速、大气压及降雨）,结合2019年同期观测数据和杨浦四漂空气质量监测点的气态污染物逐时数据,采用描述性统计、合成分析、拉格朗日粒子扩散模式和Spearman相关系数方法,分析了政策实施前、后大气污染物特征及其影响因素。结果表明:1）污染物浓度变化方面。政策实施后,ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（NO₂）均明显降低,ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）分别由61.4,102.4 μg/m3降至38.1,63.5 μg/m3,降幅均为38.0%,ρ（NO₂）由57.3 μg/m3降至27.0 μg/m3,降幅达到52.9%,而ρ（O₃）由47.6 μg/m3增至69.5 μg/m3。ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）日变化特征由实施前的双峰双谷型变为单谷型。2）气象因素影响方面。上海地区南风异常减弱了冬季风强度,对流层中层正距平异常抑制了对流活动的发展,易导致大气污染物在近地面的汇聚。ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）与相对湿度呈负相关,风速对ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）的影响与风向有关。3）外源输入影响方面。长三角城市群及山东省、河南省等周边区域对上海市ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）贡献显著。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.