武汉城市湖泊环境地球化学研究--以东湖为例

选择武汉市具有代表性的城市湖泊——东湖，进行湖泊底积物及湖水的环境地球化学研究，主要研究了湖水电导率(Ec)的变化趋势和湖泊底积物中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg等元素含量的变化规律，最后得出：武汉东湖已经开始受到重金属污染，重金属污染是人类活动直接影响的后果。     

滇池的污染及其控制对策

滇池是昆明市的主要水源，是昆明市国民生产发展的经济命脉。由于人类活动的影响，导致滇池湖泊生态系统发生了一系列变迁．汇水区域森林覆盖率降低；水土流失严重，湖泊水域缩小，水体有机污染及富营养化日趋严重；水体质量下降；湖泊老化等环境问题、针对问题，采取综合治理措施。     

抚仙湖水质变化趋势分析

介绍了抚仙湖的主要环境问题,分析了抚仙湖污染成因和湖泊主要污染指标的历史变迁,预测了湖泊环境污染趋势.     

贵阳百花湖汞的地球化学研究(摘要)

环境汞的研究起因于汞污染引起的环境问题。湖泊水环境汞的地球化学行为是近年来环境汞研究的重点。目前我国这方面的研究近似空白。三研究区域概况高原人工湖泊——百花湖属岩溶山区严重汞污染湖泊，是二次污染的典型。百花湖从1971年开始接纳某化工厂采用乙炔水合法生产已醛工艺流程中排放的含汞废水以来，汞的沉降结果在河道及湖底淀积了大量的富汞沉积物。百花湖的汞问题至今未作较深入系统的研究，本文拟从环境地球化学的角度对其汞问题进行研究。2实验体系来集了秋季柱状沉积物样品，丰、枯、平水期表层水样和分层水样及部分鲤鱼样品…     

乌梁素海近年黄藻暴发情况、成因及危害性分析

内蒙古乌梁素海已成为我国寒旱区富营养化最为严重的湖泊,本文通过2007-2010年黄藻暴发事件,在大量实测数据和调查数据基础上,对乌梁素海的污染源进行分析。结果表明：污染源主要来自3个方面,分别是农田排水、工业废水和生活污染。本文为乌梁素海源头治理提供了一定的参考依据。     

丈八沟人工湖水质评估与基本对策

中国湖泊富营养化的现象十分严重,以景观用途为主的人工湖泊的问题尤为突出。大多湖泊的富营养化都有加重趋势,基本丧失其功能,对湖泊富营养化的预防治理已成当务之急。通过对丈八沟人工湖的水质监测、分析,探讨了引起人工湖泊富营养化的成因,提出了对于人工湖泊富营养化的治理方案。分析表明：引起人工湖泊富营养化的主要原因包括外源性污染和内源性污染,对于湖泊富营养化的治理措施宜采用内环境治理和外环境整治结合的方式。     

淄博市湖泊等水体中磷的来源、危害及防治措施

本文介绍了国内、外湖泊等水体中的污染现状。指出了磷是引起湖泊等水体富营养化的根本原因。水体中磷主要来自含磷洗涤剂、农药、化肥等，提出了改善湖泊水质的预防措施及治理方法。     

抚仙湖流域主要生态安全问题识别

对抚仙湖的水质污染、水环境安全、生物多样性环境安全、湖泊湿地与环境安全、水资源4方面进行了安全问题识别,在此基础上开展抚仙湖生态资源环境安全问题识别,包括农业耕作土污染的环境安全问题、土壤侵蚀（水土流失）环境安全问题。结果表明：抚仙湖的生态安全面临一定的威胁,必须采取有效措施,切实解决生态环境问题,维护湖泊生态安全。     

中国湖泊湿地的功能及主要环境问题

较系统地讨论了湿地的概念,介绍了中国湖泊湿地的分布、功能及其面临的主要环境问题.湖泊湿地属于生态交错带,主要功能有调蓄水量;控制沉积和护岸;改善水质;调节局部气候;是多种生物重要的栖息地.湖泊湿地面临的主要环境问题是湿地大量消失;污染日趋严重;肓目引进外来物种导致生态失衡.     

湖泊POPS污染分布

湖泊POPs污染空间分布和时间分布规律的研究对于了解湖泊POPs污染的现状及历史状况，控制POPs污染保护湖泊生态意义重大。近年来，通过对某些重点湖泊的调查和研究，环境科学家对湖泊POPs污染空间分布和时间分布趋势的认识不断加深。本文参考文献21篇，系统地对这方面的工作进行了较为详细的介绍，并在篇末就目前收集到的资料，对全球湖泊POPs污染的现状进行了统计和总结。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.