某石化企业职业危害情况调查及分析

对某石化企业各装置进行了职业卫生调查,对该企业各装置所产生的毒物、噪声进行了监测和分析,为了解石化行业各装置的劳动卫生状况和改善劳动条件提供科学依据.     

一种封闭壳结构的内压力加载装置

介绍了一种封闭壳结构内压力加载装置的设计思路和工作原理,其采用力传感器内置从内部加载载荷的施加方法,实现了加载装置一体化设计,操作简单。该加载装置同时具备载荷施加和实时监测功能,具有较大的工程应用价值。     

固定污染源排放低浓度颗粒物监测方法研究

青岛崂山电子仪器总厂有限公司针对滤筒采集低浓度颗粒物误差大,研发出以滤膜代替滤筒采集低浓度颗粒物的采样技术及方法。通过滤膜与滤筒两种采样装置现场比对监测实验,得出:监测低浓度颗粒物(<50mg/m3)时,滤膜采样装置优于滤筒采样装置。本文详细介绍了该技术方法,对当前固定污染源排放低浓度颗粒物的监测有非常重要的意义。     

基于U型管原理的浅层地下流体环境监测与取样技术

在能源与废弃物地下储存及地下水环境评估与污染治理等领域,为了对地下水环境进行三维高精度连续监测,中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所开发了一种基于U型管原理的地下流体多层取样和监测装置。介绍了这种基于U型管原理的气体推动式取样装置,并与国内外多种同类型的取样技术进行对比。共开发出3种不同型号的流体取样装置,经过多次场地试验和工程检验,验证了该浅层U型管监测装备是一种性能可靠、运行稳定的浅部地层(0～200 m)取样监测设备。作为地下水环境监测平台,浅层U型管监测系统可以进行技术集成化改进并进一步增加其应用深度,后期开发前景和应用前景广阔。     

外浮顶储罐浮盘状态监测装置的研发与应用

针对大型外浮顶储罐浮盘运行过程中易发的浮盘事故,确定了浮盘运行状态监测的关键参数,并基于光纤光栅传感原理,研发了外浮顶储罐浮盘运行状态监测装置。该装置能够对浮盘运行状态实时监测,提前事故预警,经现场应用,效果良好,减少了人工爬罐巡检的频率,避免事故的发生。     

浅析渣油催化裂化装置腐蚀与防护

目的研究渣油催化裂化装置在生产运行中存在的问题,解决该装置因腐蚀损害而造成停工停产的问题。方法对该装置典型的易腐蚀部位进行分析研究,主要包括对再生器卸剂线阀门冲蚀、膨胀节露点腐蚀、螺栓断裂的形貌分析及换热器管束端口腐蚀的具体分析,针对不同部位不同的腐蚀机理及采取的相关有效措施。结果基于上述典型案例的研究,提出该催化裂化装置日常防腐的4个措施,主要措施为强化腐蚀监测、强化施工质量监督、强化助剂管理及生产操作平稳运行。采用三指式电化学和电感腐蚀监测方式,对催化裂化装置的分馏塔顶油气系统、分馏塔顶循环系统、富气冷却系统、吸收稳定系统等易腐蚀部位进行重点监测,做到月汇总分析,根据腐蚀率进行重点关注,做好防腐和腐蚀率的对应措施。结论找准造成腐蚀的根本原因,针对腐蚀情况制定相应的应对措施,降低腐蚀速率,减低设备损坏,从而保证装置安稳长时间的运行。     

特种气体不稀释除害处理系统

本装置是由日本富士环境设备公司研制的处理单硅烷、三氢化胂、磷化氢等可自燃和对人体有毒的气体装置。该装置有多种泄漏监测、报警等处理手段,安全性高。另外排气通过特殊设计的涤气器时可使危险物质得到全部处理。该装置和过去的大气稀释法相比,排气量为原来的五十分之一,排气管为原来     

湖泊水质自动监测系统

湖泊水质自动监测系统黄国平（编译）韩伟（校）（江西省环保局）水质自动监测装置在日本最早是在１９６８年未开始装置于江河湖泊等公共水域的。１９７２年后，在环境厅的资助下得到了普及推广。截止１９１９年４月，３４个都道府县共有１６６处安装了该装置，千叶县的手...     

静态好氧堆肥处理城市垃圾的工艺特性

利用生活垃圾的特点 ,设计出一种堆肥装置—好氧静态立式发酵仓。该装置具有控温、通风自控系统。用该装置对城市生活垃圾进行了堆肥试验。对堆肥过程的温度、pH值、含水率、耗氧量和有机质等参数进行监测 ,表明堆肥过程能顺利进行 ,堆肥产品的卫生指标符合国家标准 ;堆肥过程中含水率和有机质VS含量明显减少 ;通过对堆肥的通风加热 ,能够加快堆肥温度的提升 ,加快堆肥过程。     

南宁市医用Ⅲ类射线装置使用及防护现状调查

采用现场检查和机房周围环境监测相结合的方法,对南宁市195家291台Ⅲ类医用射线装置的防护状况进行了检查和监测。经过整改后,医疗单位射线装置检测合格率为100%。应从宣传培训、制度管理、监督监测等方面加强Ⅲ类医用射线装置放射防护工作。     

水田植物营养素的流失与控制措施

从水田流走的植物营养素在农业面源污染负荷中占主要部分,关于它们流失方式的分析是寻求适当的控制措施减少污染负荷的前提.水田植物营养素的流失途径是降雨径流和灌溉回归水,其浓度与土壤类型、作物状态和施肥等因素有关,控制它的最佳途径是改进耕作制度.     

Characterizing the change of land-use based on flora: application for EIA and LCA

The environmental impact of land-use can be expressed in terms of a change in biodiversity of flora. We present two models that characterize the negative effects of land-use: a model on the basis of species richness; a model on the basis of the rarity of ecosystems and their vascular plants. Each of those models may serve in the EIA (environmental impact assessment) of the urban and rural planning of expanding cities, industrial areas, road infrastructure, etc. Moreover, these models might be applied by Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) practitioners to incorporate the aspect of land-use in the environmental assessment of a specific product design. The results of both models have been applied in practice. Maps of The Netherlands are provided for both models. The map based on the rarity of ecosystems differentiates the best of what experts (biologists and ecologists) define as botanical quality of nature; the methodology is operational in The Netherlands and might be applied to other countries as well, however, detailed botanical information is required. The map based on species richness has a weaker compliance with the botanical quality of nature, however, the model can more easily be applied to a wider area of the world, since indicative data about species richness is available on a global scale. The so called ‘eco-costs of land conversion’ is proposed as a single indicator, being the marginal costs of prevention (or compensation) of the negative environmental effects on biodiversity caused by change of land-use. These ‘eco-costs of land conversion’ for the botanical aspects are part of the much broader model of the eco-costs/value ratio, which has recently been published in this journal [Vogtländer et al., Journal of Cleaner Production 2002;10:57–671].     

盐城市湿地园林建设初探

湿地园林是以湿地为对象的园林形式,为现代园林的一个组成部分,是利用现代园林建设和生态学原理,对湿地生态系统的保护、重建和恢复,艺术地再现自然湿地景现.在此,以湿地园林为研究对象,分析国内外湿地园林的发展概况,论述盐城市湿地园林建设的现状以及存在的问题,运用生态学和现代园林建设理论对盐城市湿地园林的建设进行初步的探索,较为详细的阐述其发展的规划目标以及建设的思路与对策,进一步强调湿地园林在建设城市大园林、改善生态环境方面的作用,并对湿地园林的未来进行展望.     

重金属废水的生物治理技术研究进展

重金属污染水体的修复是目前研究的热点之一,其中生物治理技术尤其得到了广泛关注。利用菌类微生物的表面结构特性及其生化代谢作用,通过吸附法、代谢法、絮凝法等将重金属元素与水体分离或降低其毒性,可达到废水治理的目的。运用藻类细胞壁对重金属离子的化学吸附作用,可从水体中分离出重金属离子,国内外对此进行了广泛研究。种植能富集重金属的水生植物可有效治理受污染的天然水体。基因工程技术在这一领域的应用,加强了菌类和微藻的吸附、代谢、絮凝功能,提高了废水处理能力。固定化技术的应用提高了废水治理的效率及稳定性,有力地推动了重金属废水微生物治理技术的发展。文章综述了近年来国内外在利用微生物及植物技术治理重金属废水方面的研究进展,并对其发展方向进行了展望。     

Agrobiodiversity with emphasis on plant genetic resources

The science of agrobiodiversity has emerged during the last 10 years. We review here the most important aspects of biodiversity for conservation. One of the aims of agrobiodiversity research is to introduce or to re-introduce into present-day agriculture and horticulture more diversity from gene banks, botanical or zoological gardens, and other secondary sources of diversity. To enlarge the basis of agricultural and horticultural resources for human and animal nutrition, a sustainable use of these native and cultivated resources is necessary, including animal and plant genetic resources. The total number of botanical plant species cultivated as agricultural or horticultural crops is estimated at almost 7,000. However, only 30 major crop species "feed the world". Comparable numbers of animal species have been lost. The reduction in crop species and variety diversity, in particular, has led to the establishment of germplasm collections, so called gene banks, or ex situ collections. Six million plant accessions are conserved in gene banks worldwide. All these accessions belong to a very limited number of species. About half of them are advanced cultivars or breeders' lines, and only a third are landraces or old cultivars. Approximately 15% are wild relatives of crop species and weeds. Among other obvious gaps, minor crops and underutilized species are underrepresented in these collections, particularly primitive cultivars and wild relatives from the centers of origin, diversity, and cultivation. To date, only a third of all gene bank accessions have been fully characterized.     

Dietary characterization of the hominoid Khoratpithecus (Miocene of Thailand): evidence from dental topographic and microwear texture analyses

The genus Khoratpithecus, a hominoid thought to be related to the orangutan lineage, is represented by two known fossil species K. chiangmuanensis and K. piriyai. Both were discovered in Southeast Asia (Thailand) and are dated to the Middle and Late Miocene, respectively. In this study, dental topographic and microwear texture analyses were used to examine molars from both of these species, with the goal of understanding their dietary preferences. Although sample sizes are small for Khoratpithecus, available data are compared to that collected for extant apes. Environmental evidence, such as botanical remains and sedimentological data, is also considered for comparisons with dietary reconstruction. Results from dental topographic analysis suggest that the two fossil species were better adapted to a diet of fruits than to one of leaves, much like the living orangutan or chimpanzee. Results from microwear texture analysis further support this, suggesting that Khoratpithecus preferred soft fruits to hard fruits or seeds. And finally, the botanical and sedimentological evidence point to environments for Khoratpithecus that would have been compatible with a fruit-eating species. Given the small sample sizes available for analysis, however, definitive judgments are not yet possible at this time.     

Applying the precautionary principle to consumer household cleaning product development

Hazardous chemicals are pervasive in household disinfectant products. Many ingredients have established associations with acute and chronic human health conditions as well as with environmental damage. Although these associations are suggested but not proven, they are of great concern. This article describes the application of the precautionary principle to the selection of an anti-microbial active ingredient for a botanical disinfectant when significant uncertainty exists around the hazard and risk of traditional disinfectant active ingredients. We show that application of the precautionary principle does not stifle innovation and facilitates a responsible approach to product development.     

吸油插板式隔油池

本文介绍了一种简易高效的隔油池 ,它用具有吸油和隔油双重作用的“板” ,来取代普通隔油池中的隔油墙(板 ) ,使原来不易上浮到水面的细小油珠也能被除去 ,从而提高了油水分离效率。吸油板式隔油池处理工厂一般含油废水比普通隔油池占用土地面积小、制作简单、投资省、效果好。监测结果表明 ,处理后水的油份浓工符合国家排放标准 (油≤ 10mg L)     

渤海海底管线溢油污染预测模型

鉴于目前的溢油模型主要是针对海面溢油的情况,本文提出了预测海底管道出现裂纹和腐蚀形成的小孔时发生溢油的模型.预测在海底管线上某一位置处的蠕孔漏油后,油的浓度超过某一规定浓度的范围,海面上形成油膜的起始位置,估计油膜是否能到达海岸线,以及被风浪携带到海岸线上的原油量.本文还给出了一个基于渤海自然状况及原油性质的算例.结果表明,该模型可以为海底管线上蠕孔溢油的污染情况预测提供参考.     

中石化江苏成品油一次配送空间格局与优化

基于详实准确的政府及企业调研数据,以中石化江苏成品油一次配送为例,从配置效益和空间结构视角出发,借助运用地理网络分析和线性优化模型等方法,通过单位输油成本计算、优化情景构建计算和成品油配送格局比较分析,系统解析成品油一次配送空间格局与优化配置情况,从理论上尝试探讨其地理网络结构。研究发现：优化情境下的成本较2017年实际状况减少了30%左右,表明中石化江苏成品油一次配送效益不够优化;理论上,根据成品油“就近配置”原则,不同炼油企业各自在其优化情景区界内,配送单位输油成本较低的成品油;实际上,由于炼油企业的炼油能力差异、成品油输油通道不完善和分销中心油库设置差异等原因,不同炼油企业之间存在着相较优化情景区界或大或小的实际输油区界,且存在着某些分销中心油库同时接纳不同炼油企业成品油的现象,即存在混合输油区域。