Life cycle assessment of spray dried soluble coffee and comparison with alternatives (drip filter and capsule espresso)

This paper aims to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with spray dried soluble coffee over its entire life cycle and compare it with drip filter coffee and capsule espresso coffee. It particularly aims to identify critical environmental issues and responsibilities along the whole life cycle chain of spray dried coffee. This life cycle assessment (LCA) specifically uses foreground data obtained directly from coffee manufacturers and suppliers. Aside from energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions, water footprint is also studied in detail, including regionalization of water impacts based on the ecological scarcity method 2006. Other impact categories are screened using the IMPACT 2002+ impact assessment method.The overall LCA results for a 1 dl cup of spray dried soluble coffee amounts approximately to 1 MJ of primary non-renewable energy consumption, to emissions of 0.07 kg of CO_2-eq, and between 3 and 10 l of non-turbined water use, depending on whether or not the coffee cultivation is irrigated and wet treated. When considering turbined water, use can be up to 400 l of water per cup. Pouch – and to a lesser extent metal can packaging alternatives – show lower environmental burdens than glass or sticks.On average, about one half of the environmental footprint occurs at a life cycle stage under the control of the coffee producer or its suppliers (i.e., during cultivation, treatment, processing, packaging up to distribution, along with advertising) and the other half at a stage controlled by the user (shopping, appliances manufacturing, use and waste disposal). Key environmental parameters of spray dried soluble coffee are the amount of extra water boiled and the efficiency of cup cleaning during use phase, whether the coffee is irrigated or not, as well as the type and amount of fertilizer used in the coffee field. The packaging contributes to 10% of the overall life cycle impacts.Compared to other coffee alternatives, spray dried soluble coffee uses less energy and has a lower environmental footprint than capsule espresso coffee or drip filter coffee, the latter having the highest environmental impacts on a per cup basis. This study shows that a broad LCA approach is needed to help industry to minimize the environmental burdens directly related to their products. Including all processes of the entire system is necessary i) to get a comprehensive environmental footprint of the product system with respect to sustainable production and consumption, ii) to share stakeholders responsibility along the entire product life cycle, and iii) to avoid problem shifting between different life cycle stages.     

Life cycle assessment of sunflower and rapeseed as energy crops under Chilean conditions

An option for the agriculture and energy sectors in Chile is the cultivation of energy crops, but environmental studies are first needed in the framework of a sustainable national energy policy.In this study, we used a cradle-to-farm gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare environmental impacts and energy and water demand of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Chile, as potential oleaginous crops for first-generation biodiesel production. National agricultural data are used for the LCA inventory and process data of international databases are adapted to local conditions. The effect of field N₂O emissions and land use change is evaluated. The results indicate that, compared to sunflower, rapeseed production has a better environmental performance in 9 out of the 11 impact categories evaluated, and lower water consumption. The energy demand of rapeseed is 4.9 GJ/t seed, 30% less than that of sunflower. Mineral fertilizers cause the highest environmental impact in both crops. The analysis of the life cycle of fertilizers indicates that extraction of raw materials and its production are key stages. Attempts to reduce the environmental impact and energy requirement of both crops should be mainly associated with the evaluation of other types of fertilization. In addition, particularly for sunflower, low impact herbicides should be evaluated, seed yield improved and cultivation practices optimized. If the crops are produced on degraded grasslands, the greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced.     

解磷微生物强化堆肥磷组分转化研究进展

好氧堆肥是有机废弃物资源化的有效途径之一,但堆肥产品的供磷肥力较化肥相差甚远,使得有机废弃物堆肥产品在市场上存在竞争短板,因此,调控堆肥磷素资源有效性和磷组分转化具有重要意义。针对堆肥过程中可促进难溶性磷活化的解磷微生物,利用微生物强化和微生境调控手段,提高磷转化相关功能微生物在堆肥中的相对丰度和活性,能够显著改善堆肥过程磷组分形态,提升有效磷含量,但该过程易受到物料来源、堆肥过程工艺条件、微生物种间关系等多重因素影响。因此,综述了堆肥磷素转化规律及堆肥解磷微生物动态特征,阐述了外源接种解磷菌剂和堆肥添加生物炭等内源调控堆肥微环境的解磷微生物强化方法,讨论了堆肥内源、外源解磷微生物调控的关键限制因子(温度、C/N、含水率等),以期为探索堆肥磷素定向转化调控技术、开发富磷堆肥产品提供理论依据。     

Technology of comprehensive disposal and utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW)

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高水分蔬菜废物和花卉、鸡舍废物联合堆肥的中试研究

以滇池流域的典型农业废物蔬菜、花卉废物和鸡舍废物为原料,进行了不同配比的联合堆肥中试研究.一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统,二次发酵采用周期性翻堆自然腐熟.在一次发酵阶段,堆体温度在55℃以上保持至少3d,最高温度达73.3℃,可有效杀灭致病菌;堆体含水率从75%降低到56%,多余水分得到快速去除;有机质从65%降低到50%,pH值稳定在8.二次发酵后堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析结果表明,产物稳定性好,养分含量高.通过堆肥工艺的优化控制,蔬菜废物、花卉废物和鸡舍废物联合堆肥可以获得高质量的堆肥产品,废物还田能有效减少固体废物非点源污染、提高土壤肥力.     

源分类家庭有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中的PAHs

将源分类家庭生物有机垃圾同秸秆按质量比10:1混合后进行堆肥处理,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)按照U.S.EPA 8270方法对生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs进行分析测试,比较生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs含量、分布及生物降解率,评估堆肥产品PAHs农田风险,综合论述影响家庭有机垃圾堆肥过程中PAHs降解因素,为生物有机垃圾堆肥农田利用提供依据.结果表明,源分类家庭生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中∑PAH16化合物含量分别为2.19和1.96mg/ks(以干重计,下同),其中萘、芴、菲、荧蒽含量相对较高,占总量的79.76%和81.76%,这4种有机物的苯环在2-3之间,属于易降解非致癌物质,在农田施用中易被降解;在生物垃圾堆肥过程中∑PAH16的生物降解率为25.88%,堆肥后产品PAHs含量符合农田使用标准.     

生活垃圾堆肥对难溶性磷有效性的影响

生活垃圾在堆肥过程中将产生有机酸类物质,这些酸性物质对难溶性磷具有较强的溶解能力.本研究在生活垃圾堆肥过程中,加入难溶性磷矿粉,系统探讨堆肥对难溶性磷的转化及堆肥产品对磷素有效性的影响.研究表明,速效磷在堆肥中后期达到最大值,并在堆肥的后期相对稳定,堆肥结束后,扣除磷矿粉本身含有的速效磷对堆肥的影响,与不加磷矿粉堆肥相比,P₁、P₂堆肥处理方式速效磷含量增加值分别为0.87 g·kg^-1、0.76 g·kg^-1.电镜观察表明,堆肥结束后,磷矿粉表面棱角消失,呈蜂窝状.堆肥产品培肥后,富磷垃圾肥在作物生育期内,土壤速效磷含量、酸性磷酸酶活性均高于垃圾肥、腐熟鸡粪及化肥.     

不同碳源农林废弃物与厨余垃圾协同堆肥对腐熟度和臭气排放的影响

针对北京市生活垃圾分类后厨余垃圾含水率高,在堆肥过程中存在酸化严重、升温慢、渗滤液产率高、产品品质差和臭气排放严重等问题,研究了玉米秸秆、园林剪枝和西瓜秧作为外加碳源对厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的影响,其中3种辅料添加比例均为15%,采用机械强制连续通风,通风速率为0.5 L/（kg DM·min）。堆肥周期为16 d,每4 d翻堆1次。结果表明:纯厨余垃圾单独堆肥酸化严重,未升温,添加辅料高温期（>55℃）持续时间超过10 d。碳源辅料影响有机质降解难易程度,西瓜秧添加在堆肥前期升温迅速,园林剪枝在堆肥中期温度较高,玉米秸秆在堆肥中后期温度较高。添加玉米秸秆、园林剪枝和西瓜秧可分别减少95%、39%和17%的渗滤液生成。秸秆和西瓜秧处理的种子发芽率指数（GI）第12天达到100%,比园林剪枝缩短4 d。与西瓜秧相比,添加秸秆减少了66.6%硫化氢（H₂S）和86.3%甲硫醚（Me₂S）排放,园林剪枝减少了82.3% Me₂S排放。影响厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的主要理化因素为pH和温度。     

废弃鲜烟叶田间就地堆肥促生长机制研究

烟草种植过程中产生的废弃鲜烟叶同时含有有机质、钾及病原菌,田间就地堆肥可以低成本实现其无害化处理与资源化利用. 为明确废弃鲜烟叶堆肥产品中溶解性腐殖质的含量与功能,研发出废弃鲜烟叶野外强化堆肥模式进行高效返田,开展了废弃烟叶田间直接就地堆肥、废弃烟叶接种有机肥堆肥、废弃烟叶接种土壤堆肥以及废弃烟叶接种土壤和复合肥堆肥,将4种堆肥模式下获得的产品用于烟草盆栽试验,研究了其在添加与不添加化肥复合肥下对土壤肥力、土壤酶活、特征功能基因、病原菌及作物生长的影响. 结果表明:①施加烟叶有机肥能显著增加土壤中溶解性腐殖质的含量,抑制微生物的硝化和反硝化过程,促进全氮保存和碱解氮供给,同时有机肥中的溶解性腐殖质组分还可提升土壤速效钾和有效磷的含量. ②施用烟叶有机肥能增加土壤过氧化氢酶活性,抑制土壤青枯病. ③有机肥施用后,土壤中增加的溶解性腐殖质促进了碱解氮供给,引起了盆栽作物的株高、茎围、叶片数、最大叶长、最大叶宽增加. ④与不添加有机肥的对照组相比,施用废弃烟叶接种土壤和复合肥堆肥得到的产品,在盆栽过程的团棵期(37 d)时株高、茎围、叶片数、最大叶长、最大叶宽分别提高了78.7%、23.1%、26.8%、45.5%、49.6%;在旺长期(56 d)时最大叶长、最大叶宽分别提高了18.5%和16.5%,在成熟期(100 d)时分别提高了11.6%和19.7%. 研究显示,废弃鲜烟叶+土壤+化肥复合肥堆肥工艺制备的有机肥能显著增加土壤溶解性腐殖质,提升土壤固氮、释磷、促钾的能力,改善烟叶的农艺性状.      

高水分蔬菜废物和花卉废物批式进料联合堆肥的中试

以滇池流域典型农业废物蔬菜(西芹)和花卉废物(石竹)为原料,进行了2种配比的蔬菜废物和花卉废物联合堆肥的中试研究.堆肥一次发酵采用批式进料温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧技术,发酵周期15d.对于西芹与石竹废物各占一半的堆肥试验,在一次发酵阶段,堆体温度在55℃以上保持10d,最高温度达65℃,可有效杀灭致病菌,堆体含水率从64.2%减少为46.3%,有机质含量从74.7%下降到55.6%,体积减少为原来的一半,pH值稳定在7左右.二次发酵采用周期性翻堆,自然腐熟,周期30d.对堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析表明,堆肥产物稳定性好,养分含量高.这表明,采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥技术,蔬菜废物和花卉废物联合堆肥可以在45d内获得高质量的堆肥产品,将堆肥产品返还土壤能有效减少固体废物非点源污染、提高土壤肥力.     

不同堆料比对石油烃废弃物堆肥处理效率的影响

采用高温好氧堆肥化技术,研究了不同堆料比对石油烃废弃物堆肥处理效率的影响。实验设计难度降解有机物／易降解有机物（堆料比）分别为１：１１、１：３０和１：６０,结果表明：１：３０为最适堆料比,在这一条件下,废弃物中的石油烃经２８ｄ堆肥处理可达到５９．１２％的去除率。     

接种白腐真菌堆肥处理含Pb垃圾

选取未污染土壤、家庭厨余、稻草、麸皮加入Pb(NO3)2溶液配成模拟含高浓度Pb垃圾,采用接种白腐菌堆制处理和不接菌堆制处理2种方法分别进行室内模拟堆制.通过监测理化因子(pH、挥发性固体、水溶性有机碳/有机氮、木质素、粗纤维)与生化因子(呼吸量、微生物生物量碳)以及生物毒性分析因子(种子发芽指数、重金属含量)随时间的变化,系统地研究了重金属对垃圾堆肥过程的影响和白腐菌堆肥处理重金属污染垃圾的可行性.结果表明,接种白腐菌处理Pb污染垃圾的堆肥过程能顺利进行,较好地减弱了Pb的迁移性从而降低其生物有效性,降低了堆肥潜在的重金属危害性.此堆肥工艺下,堆肥成品pH为7.9,水溶性C/N达4.01,挥发性固体含量降至36.1%,木质素余量22.4 g,粗纤维余量30.1 g;且堆肥中Pb主要以残留态存在,约为63.38%,水溶交换态Pb含量则降至0%,种子发芽指数高达121%.     

粪便混合堆肥在垃圾处理中的应用

通过粪便与生活垃圾混合堆肥的试验,探讨了粪便对垃圾堆肥过程的影响,试验结果表明,粪便混合堆肥可大大提高有机物降解速率和堆肥效率,垃圾腐熟时间可缩短16～20d。     

不同物料堆肥腐熟度评价指标的变化特性

为探讨工厂化好氧堆肥的堆肥周期及腐熟度评价体系,提高工厂堆肥效率,选取上海地区不同来源典型的9种物料,采用工厂化工艺进行堆肥试验,对堆体的温度、含水率、pH、C/N、w(OM)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(DOC)、ρ(DOC)/ρ(DON)及GI(种子发芽指数)腐熟度评价指标变化规律进行研究. 结果表明:堆肥腐熟度受多方面因素影响,T〔(C/N)终点/(C/N)起点)〕与w(OM)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、GI、ρ(DOC)/ρ(DON)之间相关性显著,T、ρ(NH₄+-N)、GI 3个指标能准确有效地判断堆肥腐熟情况,堆肥结束后T在0.50~0.59之间,ρ(NH₄+-N)为301~346 mg/L,GI为81.31%~91.03%. 不同物料堆肥腐熟难易程度不同,通过聚类分析将9种物料分为5类:第1类,厨余、杂草、生活垃圾、园林垃圾;第2类,果蔬、污泥;第3类,秸秆;第4类,鸡粪;第5类,猪粪. 厨余、杂草、生活垃圾、园林垃圾、污泥、秸秆堆肥成分复杂较难腐熟,需要35 d达到腐熟标准;鸡粪及猪粪堆肥结构简单较易腐熟,29 d即可达到腐熟标准. 据此可适当将工厂化堆肥周期缩短为35 d.      

Life Cycle Assessment of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Chinese pear production

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to analyze environmental consequences of different pear production chains in terms of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in China. The assessment identified hotspots that contributed significantly to the environmental impacts of pear production from the cradle to the point of sale. The results showed that GHG emissions and fossil energy use varied in the different production chains because the environmental performance does not associate with the farming systems (i.e. organic vs. conventional), but is co-determined by farm topography and thus machinery use, by market demands to seasonality of products and thus the need for storage, and by local farming practices including manure management. The LCA could be used as a tool to guide selections of agricultural inputs with the aim of reducing environmental impacts. The results of the LCA analysis indicate that a list of choices are available to reduce energy use and GHG emission in the pear production chain, namely substitution of the traditional storage systems by an efficiently controlled atmosphere storage system, using manure for biogas production, conversion from the conventional farming to organic farming, and reduction of mechanical cultivation.     

Sewage sludge handling with phosphorus utilization – life cycle assessment of four alternatives

Four handling options for sewage sludge were studied from an environmental system's perspective using life cycle assessment. The studied options were restoration of mining areas, composting with other biomaterials for use on golf courses, hygienisation through storage for agricultural use, and supercritical water oxidation with phosphorus recovery. The results are discussed in terms of impact on global warming, acidification, eutrophication, and the use of finite resources and primary energy. A very large impact of including biogeochemical emissions from sludge handling and spreading on land can be seen. System expansions for replaced artificial fertilizers also had a major influence on the results. It is clear that it is important for the environmental outcome of sludge treatment options that biogeochemical emissions from sludge are minimized and that nutrients and other resources are utilized efficiently.     

纸塑铝复合包装处置方式的生命周期评价

采用生命周期评价(LCA)法研究了纸塑铝复合包装的全生命周期环境影响,并在处置阶段对不同处置方式的环境影响进行评价. 通过现场和资料调研的方式,获得所有生命周期阶段能量物质的输入/输出和环境外排数据. 结果表明:纸塑铝复合包装生命周期阶段中环境影响比重最大的是原料获取阶段,占75%以上. 纸塑铝复合包装的全生命周期环境影响主要集中在化石燃料、土地占用和无机物对人体损害3个方面,在矿产资源、气候变化、酸化富营养化和生态毒性方面影响稍小. 3种处置方式对环境影响由大到小依次为填埋＞焚烧＞再生,其中填埋和焚烧处置分别比纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段前的环境影响增加11%和7%,再生可降低23%,而进一步降低环境影响的方式为发展铝塑分离技术.      

设施番茄生产系统的环境影响生命周期评价

应用生命周期评价方法,以陕西省西安市郊区为例,对设施番茄生产系统进行了环境影响评价.结果表明,日光温室和塑料大棚生产1000kg番茄消耗的能源和水资源分别是1740.58 MJ、50.767 m3和1502.346 MJ、53.734 m3;全球变暖潜值(以CO2当量计)、环境酸化潜值(以SO2当量计)、富营养化潜值(以PO3-4当量计)、光化学烟雾潜值(以C2H2当量计)、土壤毒性(以1,4-DCB当量计)、水体毒性(以1,4-DCB当量计)和人类毒性潜值(以1,4-DCB计)分别为271.943 kg、2.151 kg、0.247 kg、0.157 kg、24.217 kg、19.545 kg、0.124 kg和239.163 kg、1.88 kg、0.305 kg、0.109 kg、31.686 kg、19.7 kg、0.304 kg.设施构筑物自身建设和维护带来的主要潜在环境影响是能源耗竭、全球变暖和环境酸化;番茄种植环节引起的主要潜在环境影响是水资源耗竭、富营养化、全球变暖、土壤毒性和水体毒性;农资生产环节的主要潜在环境影响是能源耗竭.设施番茄生产系统中对环境影响大的建材和农资是钢材、聚乙烯材料、氮肥、农药和含过量重金属的有机肥.设施番茄生产系统对环境的影响不容忽视,应展开以降低其环境影响为目标的设施结构与建材、温室内气候条件调控、合理施肥和施药的研究,并对采取的技术方法进行生命周期评价,以确保设施蔬菜的可持续发展.研究结果可为促进设施蔬菜生产系统的可持续发展提供科学依据.     

基于文献计量学的2001—2020堆肥臭气研究进展

堆肥是有机固废资源化利用的重要方式,而堆肥过程中产生的组分复杂的恶臭气体,限制了该技术的发展与推广应用。为了解堆肥臭气控制领域的研究趋势与重点,通过CiteSpace软件对CNKI和Web of ScienceTM核心合集数据库中2001—2020年共20年关于堆肥臭气研究的文献进行可视化分析。结果表明:近20年以来,堆肥臭气控制领域的发文量呈增长势态。核心研究团队为中国农业大学李国学团队。研究热点主要关注畜禽粪便、污泥、厨余等富含蛋白质或碳水化合物等易产生臭气的堆肥物料,氨气和挥发性有机物等臭气种类,添加外源调理剂、生物作用等除臭手段。食物垃圾堆肥产生的臭气治理,微生物作用下的臭气减排作用机理,以及臭气、重金属与抗生素抗性基因等多种性质污染物间的协同控制可作为未来的研究前沿。综上,堆肥臭气研究领域正处于活跃的发展状态,未来的研究视角也将更为多样化。     

有机垃圾机械强化快速好氧发酵工艺参数优化

好氧发酵(堆肥)技术是实现有机固废无害化的重要手段,但传统自然堆肥技术发酵周期长、占地面积大、操作环境差等问题限制了该技术的广泛应用。以研发有机垃圾强化快速好氧发酵工艺为目的,通过筛选环境温度、微生物接种、辅料投加、搅拌通风频率等强化堆肥关键可控因素,系统研究各项参数对有机垃圾好氧发酵过程的影响。研究结果表明,提高环境温度(25 ℃),合理控制搅拌通风频率(每小时搅拌通风30 min),接种丰甜复合菌种,添加辅料等手段可有效缩短堆肥周期,提高发酵效率。该研究成果对机械强化快速好氧发酵设备的开发具有指导意义。