乙醛废水处理工程实例

某化工厂以酒精氧化法制得乙醛,该厂原有一套污水处理设施,但系统出水难以达标。经改造后,该废水经过冷却到35～39℃、加碱中和至pH值为7左右,进入内循环厌氧反应器(MIC)处理,在厌氧进水为ρ(CODCr)约3200mg·L-1,HRT为24h时,CODCr去除率为94%,出水进入推流式好氧池,采用微孔曝气器曝气,HRT为36h,好氧出水ρ(CODCr)<100mg·L-1。     

厌氧—好氧序列间歇式反应器处理造纸中段废水的研究

采用厌氧－好氧序列间歇反应器－混凝沉淀组合工艺，处理碱法草浆造纸中段废水。结果表明，经8.0h厌氧搅拌处理和5.0h好氧曝气处理，进水CODcr为729.1-2239mg/L，出水CODCr小于550mg/L，CODCr去除率在66.2%-76.3%之间，再经混凝沉淀处理，出水CODCr小于200mg/L，色度小于50倍，满足国家造纸工业水污染物排放标准中的二级标准。     

ABR反应器处理低浓度废水的研究

对ABR反应器处理低浓度废水的效果及运行特性进行了研究。在中温(35±0.5℃),进水有机负荷为0.5～7.0kgCODCr/(m~3.d),HRT=3～12h,进水CODCr浓度分别为150,350,550和850mg/L时,CODCr去除率分别达50%,80%～87%,86%～92%和90%～95%,反应器出水CODCr浓度在70～90mg/L。研究表明,该反应器处理低浓度废水时,不仅具有良好的处理效果,而且运行稳定。     

厌氧酸化-二级PSB流化床工艺处理高浓度有机废水

采用厌氧酸化+二级光合细菌(PSB)流化床的组合工艺对植物压榨发酵废水进行降解实验,一级流化床(PSB1)中填料为轻质多孔炭渣,二级流化床(PSB2)为活性炭,扰动方式分别采用机械流化和机械气动组合流化,稳定运行40d。结果表明,进水酸化12h后CODCr由80000~120000mg/L降至63000~95000mg/L,进而由系统出水回流稀释至8000~12000mg/L,进入二级流化床反应器,PSB1白天厌氧光照、夜间微好氧,PSB2白天微好氧、夜间好氧,停留48h,CODCr降至295.8~384mg/L,稳定实现96.2%以上的CODCr去除率,TN去除率为71.3%。     

厌氧-好氧序列间歇式反应器处理生物制药废水的研究

采用厌氧序列间歇反应器与好氧序列间歇反应器相结合的技术,处理生物制药废水。结果表明,经7.0h厌氧搅拌处理和6.0h好氧曝气处理,进水COD为1180~3061mg/L,出水COD小于300mg/L,COD去除率在78.9%~92.8%之间,出水COD满足国家生物制药行业废水排放标准要求。      

移动床生物反应器处理染料化工废水工艺研究

鉴于生物膜对降解有毒难降解废水有重要作用 ,故采用移动床生物反应器处理染料化工废水。试验结果表明 ,采用该工艺处理染料废水具有较好的处理效果 ,停留时间为 16h,其处理结果相当于活性污泥法 32h的处理效果 ,而且出水比较稳定。在进水CODCr低于 70 0mg L条件下 ,出水CODCr低于 2 0 0mg L     

酸化-UASB-A/O工艺处理啤酒废水

本文论述了酸化-UASB-A/O工艺处理啤酒废水,研究了该工艺的设计、运行及工艺特点.经运行结果表明,在进水CODCr为1850～2400mg/L,BOD 5≤1600mg/L,SS为330～530mg/L,酸化池的水力停留时间(HRT)为4h,UASB的水力停留时间(HRT)为5.3h,A池水力停留时间(HRT)为42min.,O池的水力停留时间(HRT)为12h时,处理后出水CODCr＜100mg/L,BOD5＜20mg/L,SS＜70mg/L,处理后出水水质达到了<污水综合排放标准>(GB8978-1996)中的一级标准.对该工艺两年运行成本考核知:运行处理废水费用为0.474元/t.     

膜生物反应器工艺处理高浓度前处理印染废水研究

膜生物反应器技术是一种新型的膜分离技术与生物处理技术相结合的污水处理技术。试验采用一体式膜生物反应器处理印染废水前处理废水(印染工艺中的退浆、煮炼、漂白、丝光废水)。试验选择外压式聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维微滤膜,膜孔径为0.4μm,壁厚为100μm,稳定状态产水量为10L/(h·m2)。试验研究了沉淀池、膜生物反应器(MBR)、膜组件对废水COD、SS、色度、氨氮等的去除效果;试验探讨了污泥负荷、温度、溶解氧等因素对去除效果的影响。由于盐度高,原水直接进水,好氧生物反应器处理效果不佳,试验采用1:1稀释进水。在系统稳定运行期间废水COD去除率≥70%,出水SS为0,出水无异味。文章还得出了试验的最佳操作参数为T=25℃;HRT=18h;DO=3mg/L;pH:7.5～8.5;MLSS=8g/L。     

改进序批式生物膜法处理青霉素废水的初探

采用改进序批式生物膜法对高浓度青霉素废水进行小试研究 .当进水CODCr为 375 5mg/L时 ,经过最终絮凝处理后 ,出水CODCr在 30 0mg/L以下 ,总去除率达到 90 %以上 .试验确定了好氧段的水力停留时间 (HRT)为 12h .建立了改进序批式生物膜法处理青霉素废水的降解动力学模型 ,并求出了动力学参数Umax和KS,为放大设计提供了依据     

高效生物反应器治理印染废水技术

介绍了高效生物反应器(HCR)技术在印染废水治理中的应用。污水处理中心进水量为11000m3/d,CODCr平均约2500mg/L,pH12左右,色度600~800倍,采用HCR技术后运行稳定,结果表明,废水处理效果有大幅提高,出水CODCr为360mg/L、色度为400倍均能达标排放,其去除率分别为86%,50%;工程投资少,运行稳定,管理方便。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.