莱州湾西部海域枯水期富营养化程度研究

根据2004年5月份的调查资料,选择透明度、盐度、活性磷酸盐、溶解无机氮、硅酸盐、叶绿素a、浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物作为评价因子,利用层次分析法确定了各因子的层次关系和权重,建立了以营养盐和富营养化症状为基础的综合评价指数模型,对莱州湾海域的营养水平进行了评价.各站点最终评价结果表明:莱州湾海域磷酸盐、无机氮超标严重,整体已表现出富营养化,其中黄河口和小清河口附近富营养化较为明显,这主要是受到陆源排污和海水养殖的影响,基本符合实际情况.     

大辽河口N、P营养盐的分布特征及其影响因素

利用2003年9月在大辽河口水域进行水质调查获取的资料,分析了大辽河口N、P营养盐的分布和时间变化特征.结果表明,从感潮河段、口门至口外的海域,N、P营养盐的含量都呈逐渐降低的趋势.N营养盐保守性较好,其分布主要受海水和河水的混合产生的物理稀释的影响;相比之下,PO4-P由于其缓冲特征,保守性较差.根据调查区水体富营养化的评价结果,在辽河口口门附近海域和靠近辽东湾东岸的海域,水体呈富营养化和中等营养水平,在远离海岸的海域,水体呈贫营养状态.     

海南岛近岸海域溶解无机磷时空分布及富营养化

根据2016年枯水季、丰水季和平水季海南岛近岸海域表层海水现场调查资料,对该海域表层海水中溶解无机磷（DIP）的时空分布特征进行研究,评价其污染水平和营养盐结构,分析该海域富营养化程度,并探讨了研究区域DIP的主要来源及与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,海南岛近岸海域表层海水DIP的平均浓度为（0.008±0.006）mg/L,浓度范围为0.000~0.062mg/L,万宁小海海域是3个水季的主要污染区域;平水季研究海域DIP污染水平高于枯水季与丰水季;富营养化指数变化范围为0.00~3.94,平均为（0.21±0.46）,总体上海南岛近岸表层海水富营养化程度较低,但局部海域富营养化问题依然突出.     

胶州湾海域富营养化水平与浮游植物多样性分析

在2011年对胶州湾主要营养盐调查的基础上,采用富营养化指数和生物多样性指数分别对胶州湾水体富营养化状况和浮游植物生境状况进行了分析。结果显示,2010年胶州湾富营养化严重的海域主要集中在胶州湾东北角及北部海域,呈现由北向南逐渐减轻的趋势。从季节变化来看,3月份整个海域富营养化程度最低,10月份富营养化程度最重。胶州湾浮游植物群落主要由硅藻和甲藻组成,胶州湾北部海域生境质量一般,其余海域生境质量优良。     

胶州湾海域水质现状评价

通过对2009年胶州湾监测数据的分析,采用单因子指数法,对胶州湾海域水质现状进行了评价。结果表明2009年10月份胶州湾海域,一类和二类水质面积占胶州湾总水域面积的60.0%,劣四类水质面积占10.0%,胶州湾现状水质定性结论为一般。各点位各有机监测项目均为未检出,说明胶州湾内尚未产生有机污染。胶州湾内石油类的浓度范围为1.8 23 ug/L,各测点均达到国家海水水质一类标准的要求。胶州湾内重金属未出现超标现象。     

同安湾海域近十年水环境质量状况分析与评价研究

根据2002年-2011年同安湾海域水质监测结果,采用单因子污染指数评价法和富营养化水平法对同安湾海域近十年水质状况进行分析与评价。结果表明,该海域主要污染因子为无机氮和活性磷酸盐,各年均值大部分超三类海水水质标准;溶解氧、化学需氧量、重金属(汞、铜、铅、镉)及砷、油类均符合一类海水水质标准。该海域目前处于N高P低的富营养状态,氮磷比趋势不够稳定,但磷限制性富营养化趋势有所下降。     

粤东柘林湾养殖区海水富营养化评价

根据2011年9月和2013年8月在柘林湾11各位点采样调查,以化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)和溶解氧(DO)为评价指标,采用隶属度模糊综合法对柘林湾海域海水富营养化水平进行评价,并与营养状态质量指数法(NQI)评价结果比较。研究表明,柘林湾西北部海域COD、TN和TP浓度较高,DO浓度较低;2011年COD、TN和Chla在各位点浓度较2013年高。海域各位点2011年全部处于富营养化水平,2013年部分位点营养水平降低。据隶属度权重分析,柘林湾海水富营养化形成主要因素是TN、TP和DO。隶属度模糊综合法对柘林湾海域营养水平评价结果与NQI基本一致。柘林湾海水富营养化主要是由养殖污染、陆源输入污染和航运污染造成,且后二者影响有逐渐增加趋势。     

辽东湾海域水体富营养化的模糊综合评价

基于2007年夏季辽东湾海域的水质监测资料,以高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)、溶解无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO₄3--P)和溶解氧(DO)为海水富营养化评价指标,运用模糊综合评价方法并对其中的评价等级确定方法加以改进,评价了辽东湾海域水体富营养化状况,分析了水体富营养化的关键因子和控制性因素. 结果表明:对评价方法的改进,取得了较好的效果;辽东湾沿岸和河口口门附近海域已达到富营养化程度,而海湾中部则处于贫营养状态,富营养化程度从海湾中部向近岸逐渐增加;影响辽东湾海域水体富营养化的关键因子为无机氮;辽东湾海域的富营养化水平主要受入海河流冲淡水影响范围的控制.      

胶州湾及邻近海域表层海水中一氧化氮浓度分布及其影响因素探讨

2011年2～3月利用化学发光法对胶州湾及邻近海域表层海水中一氧化氮(NO)浓度进行了监测.结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步观测资料,对该海域NO浓度分布及其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,胶州湾内表层海水中NO浓度为0.080～0.493 nmol.L-1,平均值为(0.292±0.146)nmol.L-1,胶州湾外NO浓度为未检出～0.435 nmol.L-1,平均值为(0.160±0.130)nmol.L-1.总体来说,胶州湾表层海水中NO浓度呈现出自湾内向湾外递降的分布趋势,陆地径流和人为活动可能对NO浓度的分布造成一定程度的影响.胶州湾及邻近海域表层海水中NO浓度比开阔大洋高1个数量级.周日变化研究表明,NO浓度具有一定的变化特征,最大值出现在15:00,这可能主要受光照的影响.影响NO浓度分布的因素比较复杂,可能主要受亚硝酸盐、光强和pH等因素的影响.结果表明,2011年春季胶州湾及邻近海域表层海水是大气NO的源,通量约为1.09×10-15 mol.(cm2.s)-1.     

富营养化指数法在中国近岸海域的应用

系统研究了40多年来海水富营养化指数E定义的发展,进而整理了近10 a来应用富营养指数法评价中国近岸海域水质状态的富营养化指数E值,计算了我国Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ类海水水质标准所对应的E的最大临界值分别为:1.3、6、10.7和25;并阐明了河口近岸海域环境中海水产生富营养化E高值的原因。结果显示,中国近岸海域富营养化指数E值的范围在0~137.84;中国近岸海域出现E的高值不仅与港口海湾所处的自然地理环境有关,也与人为因素有关;人为排放的氮磷营养盐是导致海水富营养化的主要因素。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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