北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物化学组分特性

为探究北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物（DOM）的化学特性,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱及红外光谱技术,对北京市不同交通密度道路雨水径流溶解性有机物的化学组分进行分析.结果表明,北京市道路雨水径流DOM以疏水性组分为主,且主要为疏水中性组分.道路雨水径流DOM亲水性组分主要由类芳香蛋白物质组成,疏水性组分除含大量类芳香蛋白物质外,还含有大量类富里酸物质.道路雨水径流DOM疏水性组分的芳香化程度较高、腐殖化程度较低,亲水性组分与之相反.道路雨水径流DOM酸性组分中含异构化的羧基和苯环等官能团,碱性组分和中性组分中多含醚键、酯基、酚类和醇类等官能团.交通密度对道路雨水径流DOM化学组分的物质组成、特性等无明显影响,仅影响各化学组分中的物质含量;交通密度越大,各化学组分中物质的含量越多和芳香化程度越高,腐殖化程度越低.     

污水厂二级出水中THMs前体物卤代活性荧光光谱分析

通过分析城市污水处理厂二级出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)及其XAD树脂分级组分的荧光光谱,研究了DOM的结构特性以及DOM中的THMs前体物在加氯消毒过程中的反应特性与荧光强度之间的相关性.三维荧光光谱显示DOM分级组分中均存在富里酸类、腐殖酸类、芳香性蛋白质类及微生物沥出物类荧光特征峰, 且以芳香性蛋白质类和富里酸类荧光物质为主.荧光光谱区域积分法(FRI)定量分析结果表明,4类荧光物质在DOM各分级组分中的累计荧光强度(ΦT,n)分布与其在二级出水中的分布趋势较相似,总体上呈现疏水性有机酸(HPO–A) >过渡亲水性有机酸 (TPI-A)>过渡性亲水性中性物质(TPI-N)>疏水性有机中性物质(HPO-N)>亲水性物质(HPI).此外,ΦT,n与单位浓度DOC在紫外254nm处的吸光度值(SUVA)及三氯甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)有较好的相关性,但与DOC相关性较差.同步荧光光谱结果表明,在单位DOC条件下,总DOM中稠环类芳香性物质的含量高于DOM各分级组分,而DOM各分级组分中稠环类芳香性物质的含量少于腐殖酸类物质的含量.     

冰封期前后河流底泥中溶解性有机物组分的荧光特性的变化

以沈阳市新开河为研究对象,考察了冰封期前、后河流底泥中溶解性有机物(DOM)组分荧光特性的变化.按照DOM在XAD树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明:HPO-A是河流底泥中的主要DOM组分,在冰封期前、后分别占溶解性有机碳(DOC)的41.2%~69.5%和38.9%~63.9%.冰封期前河流底泥中的DOM及HPO-A、HPI的DOC值均高于冰封期后.三维荧光光谱结果显示,冰封期前、后河流底泥DOM组分中含有类腐殖酸荧光物质,类富里酸荧光物质,类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质和类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质,并且类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质在各DOM组分中的含量最高.冰封期后HPO-A、HPI中荧光物质的含量低于冰封期前.同步荧光光谱结果显示,在冰封期河流底泥DOM组分中激发波长分别为285~295 nm和330~350 nm的荧光物质向水体释放,导致其在底泥DOM组分中相对含量的显著降低.     

同源地人工湖水体和底泥中有机物组成及有机结构的分析研究

采用XAD-8大孔吸附树脂对水体和底泥中的有机物进行组分分离,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和三维荧光光谱(3DEEMs)对自然水体和底泥中的疏水酸(腐殖酸、富里酸)、疏水碱、疏水中性物质和亲水物质进行表征和对比.结果表明,水体中有机物含量:亲水物质富里酸腐殖酸疏水碱疏水中性物质,底泥中有机物的含量为:腐殖酸富里酸亲水物质疏水碱疏水中性物质.根据红外、紫外、三维荧光光谱可知底泥中有机物的芳香程度、不饱和程度及分子量大小略高于水体有机物.根据荧光指数(FI)和自生源指标(BIX)可知,底泥和水体的腐殖酸和富里酸主要来源于陆生动植物和土壤有机质,而其余物质主要源于细菌和藻类活动.     

不同离子条件对提取沉积物中水溶性有机质光谱特性的影响

水溶性有机质(WSOM)是环境中溶解性有机质(DOM)的重要组成部分,对WSOM化学特性的研究有助于了解环境中DOM对污染物环境归趋的作用.本文利用紫外-可见吸收光谱法(UV-vis)及三维荧光光谱法(3D-EEM)分析了3种不同来源沉积物的WSOM在不同种类及浓度离子浸提液中的光谱特性差异,以揭示天然水化学离子种类及浓度对提取沉积物中WSOM光谱特性的影响.UV-vis光谱分析结果表明:①WSOM在SO■及K~+浸提液中的溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量及其芳香度较高,在Cl~-及K~+浸提液中的有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)丰度高,在NO~-_3、Na~+浸提液中的富里酸含量较高、分子量较小;②浸提液中WSOM的DOC含量及其芳香度、CDOM丰度随离子浓度增加呈先增后减的趋势,同时大颗粒WSOM比例逐渐增加.通过3D-EEM光谱数据结合平行因子分析法发现,沉积物(城市内湖)中WSOM主要由4种荧光组分组成,即可见腐殖酸(C1)、土壤富里酸(C2和C3)、微生物源类腐殖质(C4).4种荧光组分在SO■、K~+浸提液中的荧光强度较高,且随离子浓度增加WSOM的荧光强度、类蛋白物质及类腐殖物质浓度均表现为高浓度受抑制的现象,这一点与吸收光谱数据一致.     

城市地表径流胶体与溶解性有机物结合特性

为探究城市地表径流胶体与溶解性有机物（DOM）结合特性,考察了不同pH值条件下径流胶体与DOM的吸附行为,并揭示其主要作用机制.结果表明,Langmuir模型可以较好地描述不同pH值时径流胶体对DOM的等温吸附过程,且随pH值增加其最大吸附量逐渐减小,pH值为3.0的最大平衡吸附量是pH值为6.0时的4.0倍;与DOM结合后,径流胶体Zeta电位绝对值升高,胶体更稳定且更易迁移;径流DOM中大分子组分更易与径流胶体结合;径流DOM中疏水酸性组分（HoA）和疏水中性组分（HoN）含量较高,分别占总DOC浓度的35.0%和24.3%,且这两种组分最易与胶体结合;径流胶体和DOM的结合作用主要通过羟基取代、表面络合和静电吸引实现.     

氯消毒对再生水中溶解性有机物特性的影响

以氯消毒工艺为核心,研究再生水厂出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)消毒前后化学特性的变化,利用XAD树脂,将再生水氯消毒前出水及不同消毒时间后出水中有机物分为4类:疏水中性有机物(HoN)、疏水碱性有机物(HoB)、弱疏水酸性有机物(WHoA)、亲水中性有机物(HiN),采用总有机碳、紫外分光光度和三维荧光光谱分析考察不同组分有机物的特性。结果表明:HoN和WHoA是氯化反应的主要反应组分。DOM组分的芳香性程度与参与氯化反应的活跃程度无线性关系。再生水厂出水DOM中主要以芳香性蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物为主,氯消毒反应后,HoN、HiN、WHoA荧光强度均有增强,HoB荧光强度有所下降,但随着时间的延长,各类荧光物质荧光强度逐渐减弱。     

三维荧光光谱区域积分法解析辽河七星湿地水体DOM组成及来源

监测了七星湿地水体水质,采用三维荧光光谱技术结合荧光区域积分(FRI)分析法研究七星湿地水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)荧光特性,分析了DOM组成、腐殖化程度、污染来源等与其他水质指标之间的相关性。结果表明,七星湿地对于支流水体有一定的净化作用,出水CODCr满足GB 3838—2002的Ⅴ类水质标准,氨氮及总磷仍然是水体中的主要污染物;荧光指数(f450/500)平均值为1.82,表明七星湿地DOM主要是生物来源;腐殖化指数(rB,D)整体较低,表明湿地水体腐殖化程度较高,有机物污染较为严重。通过荧光区域积分法将荧光光谱图划分为五大类,其中芳香性蛋白类物质Ⅱ相对浓度最高,占DOM总量的37.51%~54.2%,其主要与生活污水排放有关;DOC浓度与芳香蛋白类物质Ⅰ、芳香蛋白类物质Ⅱ、溶解性微生物代谢产物及腐殖质类物质有较高相关性;TP浓度则与芳香蛋白类物质Ⅱ呈显著正相关,与富里酸类物质和腐殖酸类物质显著相关。三维荧光光谱区域积分法可用于水体中DOM组成及污染物来源研究。     

西北内陆小流域水体DOM三维荧光光谱特征

利用三维荧光光谱与平行因子分析结合,文章对西北内陆小流域15个采样点的表层水体溶解性有机物(DOM)的荧光光谱特征、组成成分、荧光强度进行研究,并结合常规水质指标,利用相关性分析法对研究河段DOM来源特征进行探讨。结果表明:受人类活动及企业、农业污染点源的中下游研究河段COD浓度值偏高,TN浓度呈递减趋势;水体DOM主要存在3种荧光峰,分别是类腐殖质荧光峰A、类富里酸荧光峰C及类蛋白荧光峰T,且DOM的沿程分布存在差异性,类腐殖质组分表现为:中游>下游>上游,分析发现,DOM来源既有人类活动参与,又有内部微生物活动共同作用。平行因子分析方法解析出水体中DOM主要包含3种组分:类腐殖酸组分C1、类色氨酸组分C2、类富里酸组分C3,在DOM组成中类腐殖酸所占比例高达41.52%,类色氨酸物质次之(29.91%),类富里酸所占比例为28.57%;3组荧光组分之间均有极显著相关性,说明类腐殖质同类蛋白质具有同源性,C1、C2、C3与总磷呈正相关,表明水体中总磷含量产生的主要源头为可溶性有机物,DOC与3个组分的相关系数较高,故可以用荧光组分作为水体中DOC指标的有效示踪。     

天然太阳辐射作用下冰体中溶解性有机物组分的光降解

利用XAD树脂对沈阳市细河河水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在XAD树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).研究了天然太阳辐射作用下冰体中DOM组分的光降解特性.结果表明:太阳辐射作用下,冰体中的5种DOM组分均会发生光降解,其中HPO-A的光降解程度最高.光照80 h后,冰体中HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI的UV-254去除率分别为43.4%、44.15%、45.9%、55.0%和58.8%.光降解作用对冰体中的荧光物质具有显著的去除效果.除了HPO-A中的类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质(Ⅰ)之外,DOM组分中的各类荧光物质的光降解程度均高于以DOC表征的整体有机物的光降解程度.光降解对DOM组分中类富里酸荧光物质和类腐殖酸荧光物质的去除效果优于对类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质的去除效果.在冰体中DOM组分的光降解过程中,既发生THMs前体物的去除,也发生THMs前体物的生成.光降解使HPO-A中THMs前体物的量减少,使TPI-N中THMs前体物的量增加,而其他3种组分中THMs前体物的量的变化与光照时间有关.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.