Pursuing an integrated development and climate policy framework in Africa: options for mainstreaming

Climate change presents a major threat to the prospects for sustained economic development in Africa. In spite of this, climate change concerns do not feature prominently in the implementation of national and regional development programmes. The present paper identifies the likely trade-offs and synergies that may emerge from an integrated ‘development-climate’ approach to policy making. Also, the paper presents the case for the formulation and evaluation of an integrated policy approach based on four principle criteria, including; long-term environmental effectiveness, equity considerations, cost-effectiveness and the institutional compatibility of the policy combinations. What is more? The paper suggests specific options for mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation in various sectoral development agenda such as; agricultural intensification, poverty eradication, rural development, urban renewal, energy security of supply and trade. Given the wide divergence of socio-economic systems and the peculiar challenges faced by individual countries in the continent, further research is required on robust country-specific strategies for pursuing an integrated development-climate policy framework.     

Methodology to translate policy assessment problems into scenarios: the example of the SEAMLESS integrated framework

Scenario-based approaches in environmental and policy assessment studies are increasingly applied within integrated assessment and modelling frameworks. The SEAMLESS project develops such an integrated framework (SEAMLESS-IF) aiming to assess, ex-ante, impacts of alternative agro-environmental policies on the sustainability of agricultural systems. A particular challenge in this context is the consistent translation of a wide range of policy questions into scenarios that a modelling framework can assess. The present work defines a methodology for scenario-development in integrated policy assessment with specific emphasis on SEAMLESS-IF. After a general overview on scenario concepts for integrated policy assessment the adopted scenario concept and its development procedure is presented. They allow building integrated scenarios capturing the range of drivers of the assessed agricultural system in a consistent way across temporal and spatial scales. Then focus is on the particular procedures to translate the policy assessment questions into scenario parameters and to implement these parameters into SEAMLESS-IF. Two examples targeted at European and regional level combining integrated assessments of policy changes and technological innovations are considered to illustrate the SEAMLESS scenario concept. We conclude that the proposed methodology to translate policy assessment problems into scenarios effectively supports integrated assessment in SEAMLESS-IF or even in other modelling frameworks.     

A goal oriented indicator framework to support integrated assessment of new policies for agri-environmental systems

The goal oriented framework (GOF) for indicators has been developed as part of a comprehensive research project developing computerised tools for integrated assessment of the effects of new policies or technologies on agricultural systems (SEAMLESS-IF). The ambition has therefore been to create an indicator framework where the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainable development can be related to each other in a consistent way. Integrated assessment tools rely on such frameworks to capture and visualise trade-offs (antagonisms or synergies) among indicators between and within the three dimensions of sustainable development. The specific aims of this paper are to (i) present the GOF (ii) present how the GOF can be used to select indicators within the integrated assessment framework SEAMLESS-IF and (iii) discuss the advantages and limitations with the proposed approach. We show that the GOF has several advantages. Its major rewards are its relative simplicity and the possibility to link indicators to policy goals of each dimension of sustainability and thereby facilitate the comparison of the impacts of the new policy on the different dimensions. Another important feature of the GOF is its multi-scale perspective, which will enable the comparison of effects of a new policy between scales. Yet, as typical for all indicator frameworks, the GOF has also biases either instigated by the issues the included models cover or by the stakeholders’ selection of indicators. However, due to the way the GOF and its indicators are technically implemented in SEAMLESS-IF, it can easily be extended and include new indicators to increase and update its policy relevance.     

Considering agro-ecosystems as ecological funds for collective design: New perspectives for environmental policy

Enhancing agro-ecosystem sustainability raises difficult challenges for environmental policy: it requires both increasing knowledge on these complex systems to design effective solutions and coordinating stakeholders with diverging interests. However, most existing environmental policies consider ecosystems’ desirable properties as given, leading ecosystem managers to favor “turnkey” solutions. How could public policy better support local collective initiatives aiming at reconciling agriculture and the environment? This paper presents an empirical case study from western France, in which a partnership between an agricultural cooperative and an ecological research center resulted in a collective design initiative. We conceptually model this initiative drawing upon recent design theories and Georgescu-Roegen’s ‘fund-flow’ model, defining ‘ecological funds’ as the starting point of a collective design process. The results highlight the importance of developing policy instruments that can better support local innovation processes through greater democratization. Adopting a design approach to sustainable agricultural landscape management could be particularly fruitful in situations where collective action is necessary but where there is no common good recognized as such, and no existing community identified.     

基于流域协同的国土空间雨洪安全格局构建方法

近年来愈发频繁的洪涝灾害暴露出城市建设与雨洪安全之间的矛盾已不容忽视,以防洪基础设施为核心的防灾规划和以各类景观生态基础设施为核心的海绵城市规划,需要内涵和方法的转变。以“多规协同”为理论基础,提出在国土空间规划背景下,雨洪安全格局构建的核心内涵应该是“协同关系”的构建,即不同规划要素之间不仅在空间布局上协调无冲突,更重要的是能够导向同一的目标与结果。基于该内涵,提出了国土空间雨洪安全格局构建方法的理论框架,应以雨洪安全要素的识别为前提,通过强制性约束措施和引导性联动措施构建雨洪安全要素与国土空间结构、资源用途和支撑系统的协同关系,最终实现不同空间尺度上雨洪安全目标的落实与格局的形成。为更好地诠释该理论框架,以江西省万载县城关镇镇域国土空间规划为案例,探索并检验该理论框架在实践中的可操作性及应用价值,以期为落实国土空间雨洪安全格局的目标提供新的思路和理论依据。     

农田土壤微塑料分布、来源和行为特征

微塑料(MPs)作为一种新型污染物广泛存在于农田土壤中.针对农田土壤中微塑料可能发生的污染问题,对全球农田土壤中微塑料的分布、丰度、来源、形状、聚合物组成、尺寸和迁移等方面特征的研究进展进行了综述,提出了研究展望.全球各地所调查农田土壤均有微塑料检出,其来源主要包括农用塑料薄膜、有机肥、污泥、地表径流与农业灌溉、大气沉降和轮胎磨损颗粒.土壤中微塑料形状以碎片、纤维和薄膜为主,微塑料聚合物组成以聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)和聚苯乙烯(PS)为主.农田土地利用方式显著影响土壤中微塑料的丰度,农田土壤中微塑料丰度随颗粒变小而增加.土壤中微塑料可在耕作、淋溶、生物扰动和重力作用下发生迁移.今后应加强土壤微塑料检测方法、数据库建立、安全阈值、迁移转化规律、潜在生态健康风险评价和防控技术体系构建等方面的研究,为农田土壤微塑料污染的风险管控与治理提供参考.     

Combining social learning with agro-ecological research practice for more effective management of nitrate pollution

The path of research followed by a team of agro-ecologists who sought to address a complex environment issue by means of a social learning approach is described. Agro-ecological data from monitoring nitrates in surface and ground water and agricultural practices at micro-catchment scale provided the material for the process. The failure of scientists to deploy scientific data effectively in order to influence agro-environment policy implementation was attributed to an ineffective linear transfer of knowledge approach. Thereafter, on account of co-learning instances with new research team members with a background in participatory action research, new assumptions were made and the agro-ecologists began to view nitrates no longer as a technical problem but rather as an issue emerging from interactions between ecological and human factors. A new process was designed: ecological data were introduced as “socio-technical objects”, integrated into “dialogical tools” and used to de-construct the issue during participatory sessions and to identify strategies for concerted actions. These activities fostered stakeholder engagement and led to an array of interlinked emergent practices. The underlying model developed for placing scientific agro-ecology data into society can be effective in building relations with stakeholders for the purposes of knowledge management and for helping to elucidate competing claims around complex agro-environment issues.     

用分担率-效益模型确定自动监测系统的安装范围

考虑到我国的污染物控制目标和国情,从污染物排放总量控制及其成本-效益(cost-effect)的角度出发,综合各方面因素对污染物分担率的影响,提出综合累积分担率-效益模型,利用该模型可以计算出成本-效益最优的安装范围.同时可根据环境管理所容许的最低效益,确定需要安装自动在线监测系统的范围及其方法,并以1999年某市污染源COD排放量和1998年全国重点污染源COD排放量的统计资料为例,计算了需要建立自动在线监测系统的企业数及其总成本,为环境管理决策提供科学依据.      

中国多样的生态农业技术体系

中国生态农业的技术体系主要包括①农业环境综合整治技术;②农业资源的保护与增殖技术;③小流域综合利用技术;④立体种养技术;⑤庭院资源综合利用技术;⑥再生能源利用技术;⑦农业副产物再利用技术;⑧有害生物的综合防治技术。中国生态农业的技术体系继承了中国传统农业的精华,充分利用资源,合理保护资源,有效地连接农业的不同组分。文章介绍了中国近１０多年来成功应用这些技术的典型例子,并且指出这将有利于中国实践＂２１世纪议程＂和粮农组织的＂持续农业和农村发展宣言＂。     

Harnessing expert-based information for learning and the sustainable management of complex socio-ecological systems

Human-used and managed natural resources, such as watersheds, represent complex socio-ecological systems where learning from different knowledge sources is essential for sustainable management. Guided by the advocacy coalition framework, the paper presents a set of propositions that help explain the different functional uses of expert-based information, the network position of scientific experts, and learning within and between coalitions. Most importantly, the paper investigates common assumptions about the superiority of consensus-based institutions for integrating science into policy-making by examining two collaborative and two adversarial policy subsystems. The findings show that the scientists’ centrality as coalition allies and opponents is lower in collaborative policy subsystems than in adversarial policy subsystems. The findings suggest a more hospitable setting for learning and sustainability in the management of natural resources in collaborative compared to adversarial subsystems. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research in sustainability and learning.     

Addressing the dynamics of agri-food systems: an emerging agenda for social science research

The ‘modernist’ project that has come to dominate food and agricultural policy has failed to provide sustainable outcomes for many poor people in developing countries. Conventional agricultural science is not able to explain let alone address these concerns because it is based on a static equilibrium-centred view that provides little insight into the dynamic character of agri-food systems. This paper analyses how prevailing narratives of technological change and economic growth have come to dominate key food and agriculture policy debates. It seeks to counter these orthodox notions by emphasising that agri-food systems are embedded in complex ecological, economic and social processes, and showing how their interactions are dynamic and vulnerable to short-term shocks and long-term stresses like climate change. The paper makes the case for a deeper understanding of diverse ‘rural worlds’ and their potential pathways to sustainability through agriculture. Moreover, it argues for a normative focus on poverty reduction and concern for the distributional consequences of dynamic changes in agri-food systems, rather than aggregates and averages. Finally, it sets out an interdisciplinary research agenda on agri-food systems that focuses on dynamic system interactions in complex, risk-prone environments and explores how pathways can become more resilient and robust in an era of growing risk and uncertainty.     

农业文化遗产地“三产”融合度评价——以云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统为例

工业化和城市化过程中,城乡经济差距日益拉大,农村衰落已成为城市化过程中各国面临的共同问题。2015年中央政府提出了“农村一二三产业融合发展”推动农村经济发展的政策,引起了众多学科研究者从不同角度开展研究,但相关研究多以理论探讨为主。农业文化遗产地作为一个以遗产保护为前提的特殊农村地区,如何推动一二三产业（下称“三产”）融合发展,如何量化“三产”融合度,研究尚待深入。基于对农业文化遗产特点、资源特征以及农业文化遗产保护要求等方面的分析,阐释了农业文化遗产地“三产”融合发展的概念和内涵,并构建了由产业融合度与劳动力融合度组成的农业文化遗产地“三产”融合度评价方法体系及具体核算方法。以云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统十大片区所在的8个乡镇为对象进行评价,结果表明,产业融合度分项指数间越均衡则产业融合度越高;各乡镇分项指数和产业融合度的数值皆很小,有巨大的“三产”融合发展空间;新街镇一二三产业的劳动力融合度领先,其中第三产业贡献率最大;农业文化遗产地“三产”的产业融合与劳动力融合有较高的正相关性（r=0.67）,显著水平在10%以下（P=0.069<0.1）。推动“三产”融合发展可以有效促进农民在本地就业,对于保护农业文化遗产有着重要意义。     

论中国农业持续发展研究中的若干问题

“持续农业的研究对象”、“农牧结合问题”、“粮食问题”“农业生产布局”以及“中国农业生产效率”一直是我国学术界与政策决策阶层争论与关注的热点。五大“热点”不仅影响我国农业生产的正确决策,也影响着我国农业研究的方向。作者根据近年研究实践,结合国内外的大量研究成果,从理论与实践２个方面对上述问题进行了实事求是的分析、论述。①“持续农业”是学术术语,并不是农业替代模式,持续农业的研究对象则是促进农业持续发展的技术体系与管理战略,以此促进农业向环境健康与安全的方向发展,并不是“创造”一种新的农业生产模式完全替代常规农业；②我国农牧结合研究依然停留在古时期“种植业提供饲料,畜牧业提供畜粪还田培肥地力”这一传统观念阶段。农牧结合研究应该在我国农、牧生产专业化进一步深化的基础上,从饲料能量蛋白质供给与消费平衡这一深层次上优化和把握农牧结合强度及其协调性,同时要高度重视我国畜牧业生产专业化可能引发的农、牧“分离”及其潜在的环境问题；③有计划地节制食物消费的增长速度、引导膳食结构的转变与合理引导并积极寻找粮食替代资源,是解决我国粮食生产在经济高速增长前提下粮食供需缺口不断扩张的主要途径；④我国种植业生产发展空间格局的重心应摆     

环境空间决策支持集成系统的设计原理与应用

空间决策支持系统(SDSS)是地理信息系统(GIS)和决策支持系统(DSS)的有机结合.笔者在已有研究成果基础上,以厦门市环境管理空间决策支持集成系统(XME-SDSS)为例,介绍了空间信息集成系统的设计原理和实现方法,包括数据分析模型、系统的数据流、数据库结构以及系统的集成方式.      

空气污染对气候变化影响与反馈的研究评述

气候变化和空气污染都是人类面临的重要环境问题,其影响与反馈已成为空气污染和气候变化领域的研究热点. 总结了空气污染与气候变化相互作用机理,系统梳理了国内外有关空气污染对气候变化影响及反馈的研究成果,并且重点评述了黑碳和硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫及其气候效应、气候变化对近地面臭氧和颗粒物影响等领域的研究进展. 分析指出,现阶段尚没有一个能够综合考虑气象条件、排放源、下垫面等诸多因子对空气污染的影响机理过程模型,无法定量描述大气组分在不同气象条件作用下的演变过程等. 提出未来研究中应深化对机理机制的认识,减少模式的不确定性,加强在排放清单的编制、立体观测网的构建、互馈机理的试验、模式的集成耦合等方面的研究.      

开展农业资源高效利用研究

本文从开展农业资源高效利用研究的必要性出发,结合国内外农业资源高效利用的研究现状,提出了中国以提高资源利用效率为核心的农业资源高效利用问题。并建议围绕①中国农业资源态势分析、优化配置与合理布局；②中国农业资源综合生产能力和人口承载能力；③不同类型区农业资源高效利用的优化模式与技术体系的集成；④农业资源高效利用中的新技术应用前景和技术政策；⑤农业资源高效利用的监测与管理技术等５个领域深入开展中国的农业资源高效利用研究。     

基于GIS的工业水污染调查研究——以滇池流域为例

污染源调查是在进行流域水污染控制与富营养化治理技术研究和《全国第一次污染源普查》基础上,根据调查年环境统计数据、环保局排污企业的申报登记、排污许可证发放以及重点企业抽样调查、监测数据等多源资料,对企业数量及污染排放情况进行校核,基于GIS空间分析技术,建立滇池流域工业企业污染源数据库。根据滇池流域工业产业结构、分布和污染现状调查,结合昆明市社会经济发展及工业布局相关规划,预测工业发展可能带来的环境污染,提出相应的产业结构布局和相关治理政策的建议意见,为滇池的水污染防治和昆明市的发展战略规划提供参考。     

中央苏区红色旅游资源跨区域整合开发研究：文化生态学视角

红色旅游资源是革命精神的核心载体,其保护和旅游利用面临着破碎化、片段化、静态化等问题,亟需开展整合开发研究。以中央苏区核心区为例,基于文化生态学理论,采用GIS空间分析方法和修正的引力模型,研究红色旅游资源空间格局和文化生态变迁,在此基础上提出整合开发的策略,结论如下：（1）红色旅游资源点空间上呈现局部聚集特征,赣南苏区形成章贡区、瑞金市、于都县“金三角”分布格局,闽西苏区则形成新罗区、永定区、上杭县、连城县“银菱形”分布格局;（2）闽西和赣南苏区各重大事件红色旅游资源点在空间上8.9~106.6 km的范围内,形成带状或面状的文化生态基底,并呈现一致向服务业主导型转变的发展态势;（3）红色旅游资源网络联系方向与服务业主导型文化生态方向错位发展,这是赣南和闽西红色旅游资源内部网络联系度较强,跨区域网络联系度较弱的重要原因。在此基础上,遵循红色旅游资源文化生态空间一体化、文化生态演变全域化、文化生态发展动态化的原则,提出空间集聚区优先整合开发、高发展指数红色旅游资源跨省域优先整合开发、跨主导类型关键节点优先整合开发三个整合开发对策,以期促进中央苏区红色旅游高质量发展。     

农业资源经济学几个基本问题的探讨

人口增长、资源短缺、环境退化,已成为现代全球性日趋严重的普遍问题。我国农业资源的人均占有量相对较少,珍惜和合理利用这些资源是一项基本国策。展望将来,农业资源经济的研究愈益显得重要。但是,迄今并未形成一门系统研究的独立学科。为了促进农业资源经济学的形成和发展,本文就几个有关问题提出一些看法:首先,在前人研究的基础上从经济学和生态经济学的观点对资源和农业资源的新概念作了系统的分析概括;其次,对农业资源经济学的对象、任务和研究范围与内容,提出了以侧重农业自然资源的综合考察评价、综合开发利用、治理、保护与管理以及对社会资源中人口与劳动力的开     

环境应急指挥平台研究

当前,突发性环境污染事故日益频发,加强环境应急管理工作,提高事故预警预测能力,快速提升环境事故应急处置能力已经成为环境管理工作越来越迫切的需求。面对当前日益严峻的环境安全形势,急需立足环境应急的全过程管理,利用信息技术、通讯技术、网络技术和数据库技术,建立包括环境风险源管理、应急预案管理、决策支持、指挥调度、现场处置、...