生命周期评价在清洁生产领域的应用前景

生命周期评价(LCA)作为一种产品环境特征分析和决策支持工具,技术上已经日趋成熟,并在国际社会得到较广泛的应用.由于它也同时是一种有效的清洁生产工具,因而可以在我国清洁生产审计、产品生态设计、废物管理、生态工业等方面发挥应有的作用.目前应尽快引进和消化吸收国际上先进的LCA方法,建立符合中国国情的LCA方法学体系和数据支撑体系,并在此基础上开展各个领域、各种形式的应用研究与示范.      

面向经济回收的产品设计系统构成

面向回收的产品设计能够使废旧产品得到更好的回收和重用，优化拆卸序列的生成必须基于产品拆卸的经济性分析。论述了面向经济回收的产品设计系统的构成及相关的关键问题，分析了产品的零件材料回收价值与拆卸工艺，建立了零件材料合理回收的评估方法。     

废旧家电产品回收性能评价指标体系的建立

针对家电产品回收工艺流程决策评价的多阶段、多目标的特点,以及不同类型家电产品和不同回收工艺过程的动态特性,采用层次分类方法建立了以经济指标和环境指标为主要内容的回收工艺流程评价指标体系,对指标体系的组成进行了较为详细的分析,讨论了应该考虑的因素及有关计算方法。以电冰箱为例,用改进的模糊层次分析法与遗传算法相结合,介绍了回收工艺流程的优化决策方法。建立的指标体系不仅可以根据评价对象进行动态修改,而且具有较强的可操作性。     

面向系统服务可靠度的建筑垃圾资源化企业优化选址研究

针对目前大多数建筑垃圾资源化企业选址仅考虑成本最小和对环境影响最小,缺乏对企业后续经营发展的考虑,建立了以资源化企业服务可靠度最大为目标的优化选址模型。资源化企业服务可靠度包括反映建筑垃圾回收准时性的"建筑垃圾回收可靠度"和反映再生产品送达准时性的"再生产品服务可靠度"。通过资源化企业服务可靠度最大化,解决选址结果对建筑垃圾回收准时性和再生产品送达准时性的影响。然后,针对模型中的关键参数进行了数学求解。最后以一个工程算例论证了该模型的可行性。     

再制造技术是实现资源再生的一种有效保证

资源优化和环境污染问题已经引起了广泛的重视，目前全球的产业结构调整正呈现出新的绿色战略趋势，产品的环保性将成为企业竞争力的重要因素之一。再制造技术是先进制造技术21世纪发展的一个重要组成部分和发展方向，再制造产业已成为一种极具潜力的新型产业，通过对回收的产品进行再制造，会大大减少对环境不利的影响，例如，可以减少废弃物，而且可以更合理地利用资源，减少制造中能源和资源的消耗，再制造生产是指对回收的废旧产器进行拆卸和清洗，对某些零件采用高新表面工程技术及其它加工技术进行翻新和再装配，使零部件的尺寸、形状和性能等得以恢复和重新利用的过程，再制造生产统筹考虑产品全寿命周期内的再制造策略，以资源和环境为核心概念，优先考虑产品的可回收性、可拆卸性、可再制造性等环境属性的同时，保证产品的基本目标（优质、高效、节能、节材等），从而使退役产品在对环境的负面影响最小、资源利用率最高的情况下重新达到最佳的性能，并实现企业经济效益和社会效益协调优化，再制造产业实现重新利用资源、节约能源和材料、减少环境污染的目的，无疑昌实现资源优化配置和资源再生的一种有效保证，从环境角度来估计，再制造一产品所需能源是生产一新产品所需能源的1/5至1/4[1]。     

基于LCA的商品包装合理性模糊评价方法研究

文章采用环境工程学的生命周期评价法从包装产品的功能实用性、环境协调性、经济适用性三个影响因素出发,建立了递阶层次结构的评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法对评价指标体系中不同的指标赋予了权重;同时在此基础上提出了对包装合理性进行评价的模糊综合评价方法,并给出了实例分析。结果表明:采用LCA的模糊综合评价法对包装合理性进行评价可以综合考虑环境、经济和功能三方面因素的影响,可以建立起系统全面的评价指标体系,从而得到客观公正的评价结果。采用这种方法对包装合理性进行评价时,评价过程简单易行,可操作性强,还可以为包装合理性的改善提供方向和建议,具有较强的社会意义和实际意义,同时这也表明了其在包装合理性评价中的可行性。     

基于生命周期评价的汽车零部件绿色制造

为减少汽车零部件制造的环境影响,根据绿色制造理论内涵和国内汽车行业LCA评价方法,采用本土化环境评价指标,提出了以零部件生命周期评价为技术主线的绿色制造模式。以汽车座椅轻量化为例,从原材料获取、制造装配、使用维护直到废弃再生的各个生命周期阶段加以说明,指导产品绿色制造和生态设计。结果显示,材料选取对轻量化设计和最后环境影响有至关重要的作用;相同材料不同制备方法对轻量化效果无影响,但是对环境有影响。     

生命周期分析技术框架

着重于评估体系的介绍--生命周期评估方法（Life Cycle Assessment），它作为一种新型管理工具，注重对产品全过程分析，将各生命阶段对环境产生的影响给预定性或定量的评价，并通过分析比较，为产品开发生产提供决策支持。通过对生命周期评估方法的概念、技术框架和应用的初步探讨，使LCA这一环境管理工具得到重视，从而促进可持续发展和循环经济的需要。     

环境与清洁生产(无污染技术)

分析和决策支持工具,技术上已经日趋成熟,并在国际社会得到较广泛的应用。由于它也同时是一种有效的清洁生产工具,因而可以在我国清洁生产审计、产品生态设计、废物管理、生态工业等方面发挥应有的作用。目前应尽快引进和消化吸收国际上先进的LCA方法,建立符合中国国情的LCA方法学体系和数据支撑体系,并在此基础上开展各个领域、各种形式的应用研究与示范。参2X382(X)3(X y768绿色经济与绿色GNP/李康(中国环科院)//环境科学研究/中国环科院一2(X)2,15(4)一l一3 环图X一6 给出了绿色经济与绿色GNp的科学内涵,论述了其演进过程,提出构…     

广州市番禺区工业经济结构与环境质量的优化研究

从经济与环境协调发展的角度出发 ,兼顾工业基础、优势资源 (原材料 )、经济效益、物耗及排污量等要素 ,用环境经济多目标规划法研究广州市番禺区工业结构优化调整。以 1 999年为基准年 ,选取九个主要行业的产值为决策变量 ,设定调整目标 ,建立优化模型。经过运算 ,提出了既可满足经济发展要求 ,又使污染物排放量增加率尽可能降低的番禺区 2 0 1 0年工业结构优化方案     

Manufacturing actor’s LCA

Modern industrial environmental management encompasses life-cycle thinking. This entails considering not only the emissions and resource use of the company’s production processes, but also the environmental consequences of all processes related to a product’s life cycle. However, no single actor can influence the whole life cycle of a product. To be effective, analysis methods intended to support improvement actions should therefore also consider the decision makers’ power to influence.Regarding the life cycle of a product, there are at least as many perspectives on life-cycle thinking as there are actors. This paper presents an approach with which manufacturing decision makers can sharpen the focus in life-cycle assessment (LCA) from a conventional ‘products or services’ emphasis to a company’s manufacturing processes. The method has been developed by combining knowledge gained from earlier LCA studies with new empirical findings from an LCA study of an SKF manufacturing line.We demonstrate how system boundaries and functional units in an LCA can be defined when adding the perspective of a manufacturing decision maker to the product life-cycle perspective. Such analysis helps manufacturing decision makers identify improvement potentials in their spheres of influence, by focusing on the environmental consequences of energy and material losses in manufacturing rather than merely accounting for the contributions of individual stages of the life cycle to the overall environmental impact. The method identifies and directly relates the environmental consequences of emissions or raw material inputs in the product life cycle to manufacturing processes. In doing so, the holistic systems perspective in LCA is somewhat diminished in favor of the relevance of results to manufacturing decision makers.     

基于生命周期思想的透水铺装资源环境影响评价述评

透水铺装作为典型的海绵城市设施,具有城市雨水径流减排、水质净化等多种环境效益,但在材料制备、施工、维护管理过程中相对于传统铺装资源能源消耗有所增加,亟须应用生命周期评价这一系统分析方法,开展透水铺装的资源环境效益的综合评估。通过文献述评,总结了生命周期评价方法应用于透水铺装评估的现状与面临的挑战,并提出了相应对策:将运行维护阶段纳入评价系统边界,有助于提升透水铺装资源环境评价的全面性;针对生命周期评价结果难以指导工程设计的问题,建议将生命周期评价与建筑信息模型相结合,优化透水铺装的绿色设计;针对透水效应动态变化等生命周期环境影响评价方法问题,建议将水文模型引入整体评估方法。通过上述角度的提升,生命周期评价方法有望为透水铺装的政策制定、规划设计、施工养护等全过程提供参考数据与优化方案,助力海绵城市建设乃至城市生态系统的良性发展。     

The application of life cycle assessment to design

This paper explores the practical application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to product system development. While life cycle assessment methods have been studied and demonstrated extensively over the last two decades, their application to product design and development has not been critically addressed. Many organizational and operational factors limit the integration of the three LCA components (inventory analysis, impact assessment and improvement assessment) with product development. Design of the product system can be considered a synthesis of individual decisions and choices made by the design team, which ultimately shape the system's environmental profile. The environmental goal of life cycle design is to minimize the aggregate environmental impacts associated with the product system. Appropriate environmental information must be supplied to decision makers throughout each stage of the development process to achieve this goal. LCA can serve as a source of this information, but informational requirements can vary as the design moves from its conceptual phase, where many design choices are possible, to its detailed design and implementation. Streamlined approaches and other tools, such as design checklists, are essential. The practical use of this tool in product development also depends on the nature and complexity of the product system (e.g. new vs. established), the product development cycle (time-to-market constraints), availability of technical and financial resources, and the design approach (integrated vs. serial). These factors will influence the role and scope of LCA in product development. Effective communication and evaluation of environmental information and the integration of this information with cost, performance, cultural and legal criteria will also be critical to the success of design initiatives based on the life cycle framework. An overview of several of these design initiatives will be presented.     

Development of a life cycle assessment tool for construction and maintenance of asphalt pavements

The increasing use of recycled materials in asphalt pavements calls for environmental assessment of such impacts as the energy input and CO₂ footprint. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is being accepted by the road industry for such purpose. It aims to quantify and collate all the environmental impacts from the life time of the product or process. This paper reviews relevant LCA resources worldwide, identifies the knowledge gap for the road industry, and describes the development of an LCA model for pavement construction and maintenance that accommodates recycling and up-to-date research findings. Details are provided of both the methodology and data acquisition. This is followed by a discussion of the challenges of applying LCA to the pavement construction practice, and recommendations for further work. In the case study, the model is applied to an asphalt paving project at London Heathrow Terminal-5 (LHR), in which natural aggregates were replaced with waste glass, incinerator bottom ash (IBA) and recycled asphalt pavements (RAP). Production of hot mix asphalt and bitumen was found to represent the energy intensive processes. This is followed by data analysis and sensitivity check. Further development of the model includes expanding the database to accommodate the recycling and maintenance practice in the UK, and taking into account the effect that roadwork has on traffic emissions. The LCA model can be further tested and calibrated as a decision support tool for sustainable construction in the road industry.     

The energy consumption and environmental impacts of a color TV set in China

The present study analyses the different processes followed during color TV set production along with the energy consumption and the environment emissions in each stage. The purpose is to identify “hot-spots”, i.e. parts of the life cycle important to the total environmental impact. The analysis is performed using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, which is a method used to identify and quantify in the environmental performance of a process or a product from “cradle to grave”. LCA methodology provides a quantitative basis for assessing potential improvements in the environmental performance of a system throughout the life cycle. The system investigated includes the production of manufacturing materials, transport of manufacturing materials, color TV set manufacturing, transport of color TV sets, use of color TV sets, discarding color TV sets and partial plastic waste energy utilization. The environmental burdens that arise from color TV sets are mainly due to air emissions derived from fossil fuel utilization.     

Application of a comparative multidimensional life cycle analysis in solid waste management policy: the case of soft drink containers

The paper describes the application of a multidimensional life cycle analysis (LCA) for packaging soft drinks in Israel. The suggested approach combines the conventional product LCA, vertical summation of all environmental burdens along the chain of production, use and disposal activities, and horizontal comparison of different products and disposal options, such as recycling, incineration or landfilling. The paper attempts to show that the most effective, as well as transparent, means of comparing packaging alternatives, is to place them on a commensurate basis, the most appropriate one being a monetary basis. Taking into account limitations and drawbacks of monetary valuation of non-market assets (namely, environmental assets), the study derived estimates of environmental benefits and damages associated with each alternative. The production of soft drinks containers in Israel, used here as an example for the above mentioned considerations, is based mainly on imported materials, since natural resources such as oil or bauxite do not exist in Israel. Locally, only direct production and pollution abatement costs are incorporated in the final bill, while global environmental burdens are excluded. Countries extracting and producing raw material for the packaging industry, in effect, grant an environmental subsidy to the final users, in this case — the Israeli user. The paper suggests that only by globalization of externalities and fully internalizing environmental costs into the price of the final product (the packaging material or the packaged product), an equitable full environmental accounting can be designed. This mechanism can be even accompanied by global trading in the relevant environmental credits. Decisions will, consequently, follow a sustainable path, in both importing and exporting countries.     

生命周期评价应用中应注意的问题

生命周期评价起始于20世纪60年代末,主要用于企业产品开发,环境政策制定和环境产品消费。经过几十年的研究,生命周期评价发展迅速,但是仍不成熟。从前期准备到结果解释,针对应用过程中需要注意的问题,进行初步探讨,并提出建议,以促进生命周期评价的发展。     

LCA环境影响分析新探

影响分析是ＬＣＡ的核心内容,也是难度最大的部分。目前采用的定性方法和定量方法都存在不少缺点。本文在笔者构筑的ＬＣＡ指标体系的基础上探索在影响分析中引入了我国现行的环境质量评价方法和手段使影响分析的方法更易于操作,其结果更具有客观性和可比性。本文论述了各项评价指标和计算方法及要素指标的形成并指出利用５个要素指标的数据能比较全面地反映产品的环境性能。     

Every product casts a shadow: but can we see it,and can we act on it?

This article presents a conceptual exploration of the use of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) in environmental product policy. Environmental LCA is a scientific technique for evaluating the potential environmental impacts of a product, process or activity along its physical life cycle, i.e. from raw materials extraction to the disposal of released materials to nature. The utilization of LCA in environmental policy is evaluated here with the use of concepts from the research tradition of social studies of science and technology (SST). Three different ways of using LCA are identified: a definitive approach, a conceptual approach and a facilitative approach. Examples of each approach are presented and discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches are analyzed, leading to the tentative conclusion that LCA works better as a conceptual or facilitative instrument than as a tool for gaining definitive support for specific policies. Finally, LCA is discussed as an illustration of the problems inherent in the current cause-oriented, integrative trend in environmental policy.