南京北郊夏季近地层臭氧及其前体物体积分数变化特征

南京北郊,钢铁、石化等重工业集中,大气污染现状不容乐观.为了研究此类重工业地区夏季光化学污染特征,于2013年5月18日~8月31日连续观测了臭氧及其前体物的浓度并同时记录了常规气象要素.结果表明,观测期间臭氧(O3)、氮氧化物(NOx)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)平均体积分数分别为(32.01±15.20)×10-9、(21.50±14.02)×10-9、(33.16±25.20)×10-9,一氧化碳(CO)为(0.66±0.44)×10-6;O3体积分数小时均值最大值达146.42×10-9;O3超过国家环境空气质量二级标准14.1%.对污染物进行浓度频率分布近似得到观测期间O3、NOx和VOCs背景体积分数分别为(5.71±2.51)×10-9、(12.20±0.36)×10-9和(22.44±0.38)×10-9,CO为(0.28±0.01)×10-6.观测点污染物受周边排放源的影响较大.在风速为2~3 m·s-1的西南风作用下,VOCs中的活性物种体积分数较高,O3体积分数容易累积达到高值;偏东风主导下主要来自周边工业源和交通源的NOx、CO和VOCs体积分数易出现高值.南京亚青期间对工业生产和部分机动车采取了调控措施,O3体积分数未明显减少,并有4 d超过国家二级标准.     

南京夏季市区VOCs特征及O3生成潜势的相关性分析

挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是大气中光化学污染臭氧(O3)的重要前体物,其在大气中的浓度水平直接影响着臭氧的污染特征.本研究运用大气挥发性有机物快速在线连续自动监测系统,于2013年8月对南京市区大气中98种VOCs进行观测,分析南京夏季VOCs体积分数水平及组成特征,分析臭氧及其前体物的变化,运用VOCs/NOx比值法研究南京臭氧生成敏感性控制因素.结果表明,夏季南京市区大气VOCs最高体积分数达200×10-9,平均体积分数为52.05×10-9,各物种体积分数大小为烷烃含氧有机物烯烃芳香烃;臭氧平均质量浓度76.5μg·m-3,小时质量浓度超标率为5.9%.臭氧质量浓度高值期,其前体物VOCs与NOx变化趋势基本一致,并与O3变化呈明显的反相关;不同臭氧质量浓度阶段,同种类的VOCs体积分数也存在一定的差异;夏季南京市区的臭氧生成对VOCs较敏感,属于VOCs控制区.     

天津滨海新区秋冬季大气污染特征分析

为了解天津滨海新区大气污染物浓度水平和污染来源,2009年9月1日~2010年2月28日对NOx、CO、SO2、O3、PM2.5、PM10进行了连续在线观测,并同步观测了气象要素.结果表明,秋冬季上述污染物最高日均值(秋冬平均值±标准差,O3为日小时均值最大值)分别达到300.7(65.4±52.9)×10-9、7.278(1.324±1.169)×10-6、53(13±12)×10-9、95(28±21)×10-9(体积分数)和287.4(62.3±53.6)μg/m3、1421.4(161.9±136) μg/m3. NOx和SO2秋季低于冬季,O3和PM10反之. CO和PM10相对国家二级标准超标率为2%和38%,PM2.5相对WHO标准(75μg/m3)超标率为31%.季节统计日变化显示CO和NOx为早晚双峰型,SO2为中午的单峰型,O3为午后单峰型,且秋季日变化振幅远大于冬季, PM10为早晚双峰型,但冬季比秋季晚出峰2~3h.除冬季PM10,大气污染物浓度49%~74%的逐日变化由气象要素影响.滨海新区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,西南方向气流易造成污染物积累,其次是东北方向,而东和东南气流最有利于污染物扩散;各污染物具体表现为NOx主要受局地源控制;SO2主要受外来输送影响;CO和PM2.5同时受本地源和外来源的共同影响;PM10秋季表现为本地源污染,而冬季为本地源和外来源的共同影响.     

深圳大气挥发性有机物污染特征及臭氧生成潜势

该研究选取深圳市工业区、城区、郊区等不同类型的5个典型地区在2017年8月(夏季)、10-11月(秋季)、12月(冬季)开展了挥发性有机物(VOCs)离线手工采样及监测,获得了113种VOCs物种的体积分数数据并分析了VOCs污染特征及臭氧生成潜势(OFP)。研究表明,观测期间深圳市VOCs平均体积分数为37.3×10~(-9),以含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)和烷烃为主要组分,共占总体积分数的57.2%。秋冬季体积分数约为夏季的2倍,日变化上烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃体积分数在中午达到谷值,较早晚平均值偏低46.7%～48.3%,但OVOCs日变化曲线较为平缓。观测期间VOCs的OFP平均为121.2×10~(-9),OVOCs、烯烃和芳香烃是主要贡献来源,分别占42.0%、33.0%和15.3%,1,3-丁二烯、丙醛、乙醛、甲苯是对OFP贡献最大的前4个物种,共占55.8%。工业排放对臭氧生成影响显著,工业区点位OFP较高(182.2×10~(-9)),城区次之(98.6×10~(-9)),郊区最低(68.9×10~(-9)),同时工业区甲苯/苯(T/B)比值较高(10.7),表明受溶剂使用源的影响较大。加强控制溶剂使用源、工业源和机动车的VOCs排放将有利于降低深圳市大气OFP,从而减少臭氧生成。     

北京奥运时段VOCs浓度变化、臭氧产生潜势及来源分析研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是大气中光化学污染臭氧(O3)的重要前体物,其在大气中的浓度水平往往直接影响着臭氧的污染水平.以2008年夏季北京大气中VOCs浓度观测资料为基础,分析了VOCs浓度和组分随时间的变化特征,比较了各组分对臭氧产生的影响潜势,并利用主成分分析法研究了VOCs主要来源.结果表明,北京大气总VOCs在上午和下午的浓度分别是34.38×10-9(体积分数)和27.13×10-9(体积分数),组分中以烷烃最高,芳烃次之,烯烃最低,下午大气中VOCs浓度显著低于上午,烯烃、芳烃和烷烃依次下降28%、26%和15%;其中1,2,4-三甲苯等效丙烯浓度最高(8.05×10-9C),其次为间对二甲苯(6.97×10-9C)、甲苯(6.41×10-9C)和1,3,5-三甲苯(5.64×10-9C);芳烃对大气O3生成贡献最大(47%),其次是烯烃(40%),烷烃最低(13%).北京大气中VOCs主要来源于机动车(28%)、溶剂挥发(19%)、液化气泄漏(15%)和工业排放(12%).为遏制近年来夏季O污染加重趋势,北京应大力减少VOCs排放,特别是芳香烃的排放量.     

基于PMF量化工业排放对大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的影响:以南京市江北工业区为例

挥发性有机物(VOCs)在臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成中起着关键作用.南京市江北地区工业密集,为评估工业排放对大气VOCs的影响,本研究于2017年3月在工业区受体点南京信息工程大学(南信大)开展了为期近1个月的VOCs采样和测量.监测数据显示南信大站点大气VOCs浓度波动大,范围(体积分数)在10.3×10-9~200.5×10-9之间,烯烃、芳香烃和卤代烃等组分(例如:乙烯、丙烯、苯、苯乙烯、二氯甲烷等)存在明显的异常高值.利用正交矩阵因子模型(PMF)对VOCs进行来源解析,结果显示在观测期间与工业排放相关源的平均贡献为50.0%,其中石化源、化工源以及涂料和溶剂使用源的贡献分别为14.9%、19.3%和15.8%.在VOCs高污染时段,与工业排放相关源的占比高达74.9%.进一步结合风速和风向数据,确定了不同类型工业源的主导方位,追溯排放源的潜在位置.     

上海市某化工区夏季典型光化学过程VOCs特征及活性研究

本研究基于夏季某化工区外5 km处观测点O_3及VOCs在线观测结果,分析了VOCs污染及光化学反应活性特征.结果显示,西南风向的VOCs平均体积分数为63.9×10~(-9)±28.6×10~(-9),高于其他风向42%(45.0×10~(-9)±28.0×10~(-9)),不同主导风向下的VOCs特征具有一定的相似性,均以烯烃、卤代烃和烷烃为主要组分,说明化工园区局地排放和累积对观测点VOCs影响较大.主要VOCs物种的日变化都具有夜间体积分数累积增多,白天逐步降低的特征;但是异戊二烯呈现日变化较小的特征,显示其受到人为源和天然源的双重影响.西南风向的臭氧生成潜势(Ozone Formation Potential,OFP)为242.1×10~(-9),远高于其他风向的OFP(174.1×10~(-9)),而平均MIR(Maximum Increment Reactivity)则较为接近;烯烃在VOCs总OFP中的贡献比例均在70%以上,其次是芳香烃.使用乙苯和间/对二甲苯的比值来表征气团光化学反应进程,计算得到观测点西南风向VOCs消耗量为(51.7×10~(-9)±38.8×10~(-9)),烯烃和卤代烃是最主要VOCs消耗组分.     

郑州市春季大气污染过程VOCs特征、臭氧生成潜势及源解析

利用GC5000在线气相色谱仪于2018年4月15日～5月15日对郑州市城区环境大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行监测,开展其污染特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和来源解析研究.结果表明,监测期间,郑州市春季VOCs平均体积分数为40.26×10~(-9),非污染日和污染日VOCs平均体积分数分别为35.82×10~(-9)和44.12×10~(-9),污染日相较非污染日增长23%;VOCs物种对OFP的贡献表现为烯烃芳香烃烷烃炔烃;源解析结果显示监测期间郑州市VOCs主要来源是LPG源(66.05%)、机动车源(47.39%)、工业溶剂源(37.51%)、燃烧源(37.80%)和植物排放源(11.25%),且污染日的LPG源和植物排放源的贡献率较非污染日增长22.92%和68.50%.     

烟台市大气VOCs污染特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

该文以2020年5-10月烟台市117种VOCs监测数据为基础,对烟台市VOCs污染特征、臭氧生成潜势及污染来源进行分析。研究表明:烟台市VOCs平均体积分数为27.70×10~(-9)(75.43μg/m~3),VOCs体积分数月际波动较小,在25.61×10~(-9)～30.54×10~(-9)之间。烟台市VOCs化学组成由高到低排序,依次为烷烃OVOCs卤代烃芳香烃烯烃炔烃有机硫,其中烷烃和OVOCs比重最大,二者之和占总VOCs的68.5%;VOCs体积分数最高的3种组分依次为甲醛、丙烷、丙酮。烟台市VOCs组分的总OFP值为177.41μg/m~3,臭氧生成潜势量表现为OVOCs芳香烃烯烃烷烃炔烃卤代烃有机硫,OFP值排名前3的组分分别是甲醛、乙醛、甲苯。烟台市大气中芳香烃主要受机动车排放影响,同时工业排放影响也不可忽略;羰基化合物主要受机动车尾气和人为源影响。     

VOCs源强不确定性对臭氧生成及污染防治影响的模拟分析

本文基于三维区域空气质量模式WRF-Chem,通过修改模式化学模块,量化输出过程量和诊断量,提供了一种定量分析挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)源强不确定性对O3生成影响的方法.为无法定量计算VOCs源强导致的臭氧生成率[P(O3)]偏差,以及由此对O3体积分数分布和污染控制相关联的VOCs敏感区和NOx 敏感区分布的误判提供了方法参考.采用标准统计参数对WRF-Chem模式的气象场与污染场模拟性能进行了评估,相关指标均优于前人结果.以INTEX-B(intercontinental chemical transport experiment-phase B)人为源、FINNv1(fire inventory from NCAR version 1)生物质燃烧源和 MEGAN(model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature)生物源作为基准源,并以卫星观测数据作为约束,对排放源进行改进,评估了源改进前后臭氧生成率[P(O3)]、O3体积分数和O3控制敏感区指标(Ln/Q)的变化情况.仅人为VOCs(AVOCs)源增加68％后,P(O3)模拟峰值增升比例达13％～82％,以北京观测站点为例,P(O3)模拟月均峰值增加42％(22.5×10-9 h-1).对P(03)形成贡献比例最大的主要化学反应是HO2+NO(占比约68％),AVOCs源增加68％后,该反应贡献比例下降至65％.在改进源下,P(O3)普遍增加达到2×10-9～4×10-9h-O3各季节增幅较大的区域均主要集中在京津冀、长三角和珠三角中心城市及周边区域,与我国大型城市区基本都是VOCs敏感区的结论一致.整体而言,VOCs源强改进后,Nox敏感区O3体积分数增加幅度不大,不超过4×10-9,而部分VOCs敏感区增幅超过20 x10-9.VOCs源强的不确定性会影响O3形成过程中Nox和VOCs敏感区的判断,特别是VOCs源强明显低估会夸大VOCs敏感区的范围,从而降低O3调控对策的有效性.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.