武陵山区域典型生态保护城市饮用水源地水质人体健康风险评价

选择武陵山区域黔江区的2个城市集中式饮用水源地为研究对象,通过2010-2014年每月进行水质监测,获取120组有效数据,运用US EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型对13项水质指标（如Cd、As、Hg等）进行健康风险评估.结果表明:2010-2014年,黔江区小南海、洞塘水库监测指标均满足GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》 Ⅲ标准,水质状况良好.2个饮用水源地的成人总致癌风险均在0.87×10-7~1.19×10-7 a-1之间,儿童总致癌风险均在2.86×10-7~3.91×10-7 a-1之间,成人和儿童的水质总健康风险均值低于US EPA和ICRP（1×10-4和5×10-5 a-1）的最大可接受风险水平2个数量级以上.健康风险排序为致癌物>非致癌物.计算健康风险指标贡献率表明,通过饮水暴露途径引起健康风险应优先控制Cr6+.黔江区2个城市饮用水源地对儿童产生的人体健康总风险值大于成人,因此儿童更易受到化学物质引起的健康危害.不确定分析结果表明,该研究健康风险评价结果具有可信性,但污染物浓度、人体单位体质量、日均饮水量以及暴露时间的变动将会影响健康风险水平的高低.      

大连市水环境健康风险评价

利用美国环保署提出的水质健康风险评价模型,对大连市近5a的生活饮用水环境进行评价,探究水体中所含物质对人体健康的潜在影响。以国际辐射委员会推荐的最大可接受限值为参考进行分析,结果表明,区域内的水中化学致癌物主要是Cr＋6,致癌风险超过了国际辐射委员会推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5/a;非致癌物中只有氟化物风险超标;致癌物的风险大于非致癌物的风险。根据评价结果可知在水质治理过程中,应优先治理致癌物Cr＋6。     

重庆市北碚区乡镇集中式饮用水水源地水质综合分析与评价

运用综合水质指数(WQI)模型和水质健康风险评价模型对重庆5个乡镇集中式饮用水水源地进行评价。结果表明:重庆5个乡镇饮用水水源地综合水质指数WQI都在10～30范围内,以良好为主。其中D监测点最好,全年的综合污染指数WQI20,说明全年水质优良,基本上没有污染;躯体毒物质总健康危害风险介于(6.00×10~(-12)～3.941×10~(-9))a~(-1),与ICRP推荐的有毒有害物质健康危害风险最大可接受值(5.0×10~(-5)a~(-1))相比,差4个数量级。这表明非致癌化学物质引起的健康风险甚微,不会对当地居民构成明显危害。化学致癌物砷的健康危害风险度虽未超过ICRP推荐的可接受水平,但仍与ICRP推荐值位于同一数量级。与瑞典EPA、荷兰EPA推荐的最大可接受水平1.0×10~(-6)a~(-1)相比,最高健康危害风险度是它的127倍。A、B、C监测点基因毒物中As占总风险度99.99%,表明是产生健康风险的主要污染物,因此应优先考虑防治As对重庆乡镇集中式饮用水源地的污染。     

长江武汉段水质重金属健康风险初步评价

对长江武汉段水质中19种重金属含量进行了连续3年(2009-2011年)调查研究,并应用水环境健康风险评价模型,对该流域内的水体经饮水途径、皮肤接触途径造成的健康风险进行计算和评价。结果表明:非致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年风险水平小于10-8a-1,因此可忽略由非致癌物所致的个人年风险。化学致癌物质所致健康危害的个人年风险:砷>镉,且化学致癌物质对人体健康危害的年总风险在1.41×10-5~2.42×10-5a-1之间,远大于非致癌物,但低于国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)和美国环境保护署(US EPA)的推荐值(5×10-5a-1和1×10-4a-1)。此外,通过饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险要远大于通过皮肤接触途径所致的风险。     

湖泊饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价

根据某湖泊饮用水源地水环境质量监测资料,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对2处饮用水源地原水通过饮水途径引起的水环境健康风险进行了评价.结果表明:在2处饮用水源地水环境质量监测项目中,对人体有健康风险的有毒污染物主要是化学致癌物As和Cr(Ⅵ);个人化学致癌物总年风险远大于非致癌物总年风险;2003─2007年2处饮用水源地水环境健康个人总年风险均超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的标准,主要原因是化学致癌物As和Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度过高;因此,加强治理和控制化学致癌物特别是As和Cr(Ⅵ)是降低该湖泊饮用水源地水环境健康风险的有效途径.      

上海市主要饮用水源地水重金属健康风险初步评价

对上海市主要饮用水源地(黄浦江上游地区和陈行水库)水中重金属含量进行了调查研究,并应用水环境健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险的初步评价.结果表明,黄浦江上游和陈行水库由致癌物质Cr,As,Cd通过饮水途径引起的个人年健康风险平均值分别表现为Cr>As>Cd和As>Cr>Cd,风险值为10-7~10-5 a-1,Cr和As的风险值高于部分机构推荐的最大可接受风险水平(1×10-6 a-1),而低于国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)和美国环境保护署(US EPA)的推荐值(5×10-5和1×10-4 a-1),成为上海市饮用水源地主要的致癌因子;黄浦江上游和陈行水库由非致癌物质Pb,Cu,Zn,Hg导致的个人年健康风险平均值分别表现为Pb>Cu>Zn>Hg和Hg>Cu>Pb>Zn,风险值为10-12~10-10 a-1.各采样点重金属类致癌物质的风险值明显高于非致癌物质.      

昆明市松华坝水库水质健康风险评价

根据昆明市主要供水水源地松华坝水库水质的实测资料,对水质健康风险进行了分析与评价.研究结果表明:(1)重金属致癌物通过饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险极小,未对暴露人群构成危害;(2)非致癌物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险,2001～2005年按大小顺序排列均为氟化物＞硝酸盐＞亚硝酸盐＞非离子氨,所引起的健康风险甚微,不会对暴露人群构成明显危害;(3)松华坝水库水质健康危害的个人年总风险为7.24E-10a-1,远远低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5a-1和瑞典、荷兰建设和环境部推荐的最大可接受水平1.0×10-6a-1,即水库水质对暴露人群所致健康危害较小.结论对水源地水质健康风险管理、水环境监测和保护措施的制定具有较高的参考价值.     

伊通河水环境健康风险评价

根据2006年吉林省水环境检测资料,针对水体中污染物质经饮水途径对人体的健康危害风险进行分析与评价.结果表明:水体中化学致癌物质对人体健康危害的风险较大,砷和镉对人体的致癌风险均超过5×10-5,即U.S.EPA的致癌风险评价指南中推荐的人体年风险最大可以接受的风险值,危险程度极高.另外,4类非致癌物对人体健康危害风险较小,其健康风险排列由高到低顺序为氟化物＞氨氮＞铜＞挥发酚.结论揭示了该河段水质的健康风险水平,对伊通河水源健康管理与保护措施的制定有一定的参考价值.     

黔江区供水水源地水质健康风险评价

以黔江区9个饮用水源地水质作为健康风险评价对象,选取2009年水质监测的部分资料,运用健康风险评价模型,对该地区9个饮用水源地经饮水途径造成的健康风险进行计算和评价.结果表明：饮用水源地健康风险主要来源于化学致癌物,其中以铬（六价）的风险值最大.     

长治市某县乡镇集中式饮用水源水质健康风险评价

文章采用美国环境保护署(U.S.EPA)提出的水质健康风险评价模型,对长治市某县6处乡镇集中式饮用水水源水质进行评价,探讨了水体中所含污染物对人体健康潜在影响。结果表明,该县6处饮用水水源所含污染物对人体健康潜在危害均高于国际辐射委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受限值5.0×10-5 a-1;化学致癌物是该县饮用水中危害人体健康的主要风险来源,对人体健康危害的风险度排序为:Cr6+﹥As﹥Cd。水环境健康风险评价模型较传统的水质等级评价体系能够量化表征水体中各污染物对人体健康的潜在危害,有利于明确水体污染物治理的优先顺序,为水环境管理提供科学依据。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.