城市废弃物处理温室气体排放研究:以厦门市为例

城市废弃物处理是城市人为活动产生温室气体的来源之一.参考IPCC国家温室气体清单指南2006推荐的方法建立了厦门市废弃物处理的温室气体排放计算模型,对厦门市2005～2010年废弃物处理的温室气体排放情况进行了估算,包括固体废弃物填埋、焚烧以及污水处理等过程.结果表明,2005年温室气体总排放量折合二氧化碳当量(CO2e)为406.3 kt,2010年温室气体总排放量(以CO2e计)达到704.6 kt,随着废水处理工艺的提高和城市生活垃圾量的迅速增长,主要排放源由废水处理转变为固体废弃物填埋.2005年填埋产生的温室气体排放占固体废弃物处理排放量的90%左右,2010年所占比例下降到75%.厦门市废水处理温室气体排放量2007年最高,以CO2e计达到325.5 kt,化学原料及化学品制造业从2005～2010年一直是厦门市CH4排放量最高的产业,占工业废水处理CH4排放总量的55%以上.     

Copper and zinc recycling in Australia: potential quantities and policy options

This paper presents relevant data for industry and governmental policy makers with the aim of increasing the recycling rate of end-of-life copper and zinc in Australia in a technically and economically feasible way. The methodology used to quantify and spatially distribute end-of-life flows of copper and zinc is based on existing and anticipated in-use stocks, their residence times, and their historical and anticipated future evolution. Australia currently (ca. 2000) generates about 72 Gg/year and 57 Gg/year of end-of-life copper and zinc, respectively. Some 70% of all discarded copper and 40% of all discarded zinc generated in Australia are currently being recycled. A detailed assessment shows that about 75% of all end-of-life material in Australia comes from the three states New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. In Australia, about 70–75% of waste copper and waste zinc is generated in urban areas. Residential applications account for about 40% (copper) and 60% (zinc) of the generated discards; commercial and industrial applications account for the remainder. By 2030, the discard flows are predicted to increase by about 105% and 155%, to 150 Gg Cu/year and 145 Gg Zn/year, providing substantially increased opportunities for recovery and re-use. Priority targets for the improvement of copper and zinc recycling in Australia are buildings under renovation, urban infrastructure, the transportation sector, and also consumer and business durables. Urban centres are particularly attractive locations for recycling facilities, especially in Perth and Adelaide.     

Making carbon sequestration a paying proposition

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) has increased from a preindustrial concentration of about 280 ppm to about 367 ppm at present. The increase has closely followed the increase in CO₂ emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the major environmental challenge for the 21st century. Reducing worldwide emissions of CO₂ requires multiple mitigation pathways, including reductions in energy consumption, more efficient use of available energy, the application of renewable energy sources, and sequestration. Sequestration is a major tool for managing carbon emissions. In a majority of cases CO₂ is viewed as waste to be disposed; however, with advanced technology, carbon sequestration can become a value-added proposition. There are a number of potential opportunities that render sequestration economically viable. In this study, we review these most economically promising opportunities and pathways of carbon sequestration, including reforestation, best agricultural production, housing and furniture, enhanced oil recovery, coalbed methane (CBM), and CO₂ hydrates. Many of these terrestrial and geological sequestration opportunities are expected to provide a direct economic benefit over that obtained by merely reducing the atmospheric CO₂ loading. Sequestration opportunities in 11 states of the Southeast and South Central United States are discussed. Among the most promising methods for the region include reforestation and CBM. The annual forest carbon sink in this region is estimated to be 76 Tg C/year, which would amount to an expenditure of $11.1–13.9 billion/year. Best management practices could enhance carbon sequestration by 53.9 Tg C/year, accounting for 9.3% of current total annual regional greenhouse gas emission in the next 20 years. Annual carbon storage in housing, furniture, and other wood products in 1998 was estimated to be 13.9 Tg C in the region. Other sequestration options, including the direct injection of CO₂ in deep saline aquifers, mineralization, and biomineralization, are not expected to lead to direct economic gain. More detailed studies are needed for assessing the ultimate changes to the environment and the associated indirect cost savings for carbon sequestration.     

Life cycle assessment of an industrial symbiosis based on energy recovery from dried sludge and used oil

Recovering energy from wastes is a useful strategy for integrated waste and energy management in an eco-industrial park (EIP) and gives promising reduction of wastes, total energy consumption and operation cost. In Jinqiao EIP, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, an industrial symbiosis, based on the energy recovery from municipal sewage sludge and re-refined oil, was proposed in the central heat-supplying company of Jinqiao EIP. It is expected that hot off-gas or part of the steam from the central heat-supplying company could be used for sludge drying and used oil re-refining while the dried sludge and refined oil can be partial substitution for fossil fuel. For the purpose of assessing the environmental performance of this industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used and different scenarios were set up in this study to evaluate the Global warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Human toxicity air (HTA) and Total Environmental Impact Potential (TEIP) of the system. Results indicate that when the substitute ratio of coal by sludge is 14%, the proposed industrial symbiosis has the least environmental impact. Compared with the current situation (sludge is landfilled), co-combustion of dried sludge and re-refined oil with coal at optimal scale will release less CO₂, CH₄, NO_x, N₂O and CO, but more SO₂, H₂S, NH₃, HCl, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and heavy metals.     

Analysis of the sustainability of reusing industrial wastes as energy source in the industrial sector of Taiwan

The objective of this paper was to provide a preliminary analysis of energy utilization from industrial waste in Taiwan, a densely populated island country with high dependence on imported energy. The discussion thus focused on the status of industrial waste generation and its management since the year 2002. This paper also presented the updated information about the new/revised regulations concerning the governmental regulations and policies for promoting industrial waste as energy source as well as controlling the emissions of hazardous air pollutants from industrial waste-to-energy facilities. It showed that the main types of combustible waste in the industrial sector of Taiwan include pulp sludge, scrap wood, sugarcane bagasse, textile sludge and scrap plastics, which were being reused as auxiliary fuel in the utilities (e.g., boiler and incinerator). Based on their reported quantities, the energy potential and the environmental benefit of mitigating CO₂ emissions were also analyzed in the study.     

长株潭城市群人为源VOCs排放清单及其对环境的影响

基于长株潭城市群环境统计数据和排放系数,建立了2014年长株潭城市群人为源VOCs排放清单,并根据空间特征数据进行了3 km×3 km的空间网格分配,同时还估算了各类人为源排放VOCs的臭氧生成潜势与二次有机气溶胶生成潜势.结果表明,长株潭地区人为源VOCs排放总量为113.49 kt,其中工艺过程源、溶剂使用源和移动源为最主要的排放源,排放量分别为35.88、28.72、22.13 kt,工艺过程源中75.34%的VOCs排放量来自建材生产,溶剂使用源中建筑涂料和汽车喷涂为主要排放源;各区县中醴陵市的VOCs排放量最高为16.58 kt;长株潭地区总臭氧生成潜势为375.33 kt,溶剂使用源贡献最大为27.28%,生物质燃烧源的臭氧生成能力最强;二次有机气溶胶生成潜势中,溶剂使用源贡献比例最大为35.35%,其二次有机气溶胶生成能力也强于其它源类;空间分布特征显示城区的网格排放量较大.     

Quantifying energy use, carbon dioxide emission, and other environmental loads from island tourism based on a life cycle assessment approach

The main purpose of industrial ecology is to evaluate and minimize impacts from economic activities of human society. Tourism as one economic activity, results in a full range of environmental impacts, but few applications of industrial ecology to tourism management have previously been discussed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in this research to explore environmental impacts of island tourism, and then the environmental loads per tourist per trip can be found. Penghu Island in Taiwan is taken as an example to examine this new approach. Various environmental loads in transportation, accommodation, and recreation activity sector are all inventoried and calculated here. In summary, per tourist per trip uses 1606 MJ of energy, 607 L of water, and emits 109,034 g of CO₂, 2660 g of CO, 597 g of HC, 70 g of NO_x. In addition, per tourist per trip also discharges 416 L of wastewater, 83.1 g of BOD, and 1.95 g of solid waste. In terms of energy use, the transportation consumes the largest energy (67%); in particular, the airplane sector. Moreover, per Penghu tourist results in more environmental loads than local people; for example, the amount of solid waste discharge per tourist is 1.95 kg per day, while that of per local people is 1.18 kg. Finally, the advantages and limitations of such LCA approach are also discussed.     

重庆市大宗一般工业固体废物污染控制分析及对策研究

通过对重庆市2008年-2012年连续5年大宗一般工业固体废物的产生、利用和处置现状进行统计分析,指出了重庆市大宗一般工业固体废物污染控制中存在的问题.针对重庆市大宗一般工业固体废物产生特征、综合利用现状以及环境管理需求,从推动企业清洁生产审核、开展工业共生项目、综合整治现存污染源、强化环境管理等方面,提出大宗一般工业固体废物污染控制对策和建议,为重庆市工业固体废物的全过程环境管理提供参考.     

Life cycle assessment of sub-units composing a MSW management system

This paper summarises the results of a number of life cycle evaluations that we have carried out in recent years about some of the sub-units (in particular, the recycling of the packaging materials, the treatment of the bio-waste, and the energy recovery from the residual waste) that compose a municipal solid waste management system (MSWMS) and about the MSWMS as a whole.The range of values estimated for cumulative energy demand (CED), global warming (GWP₁₀₀), human toxicity, acidification, and photochemical ozone creation indicators according to the different analyses are presented in the paper for each sub-unit. The assumptions influencing the results have been identified, too. The proper aggregation of sub-units has allowed the estimation of the impacts associated with two integrated MSWMSs implemented in Italy and of the order of magnitude of those associated with a generic MSWMS, similar to those of the two case studies.The results show that the assumptions that most influence the environmental indicators are those about selection efficiencies and quality deterioration in the recycling of the packaging materials, about process emissions and avoided products in the composting, about the biogas yield and its way of utilisation in the anaerobic digestion, and about the efficiency of the plant and the kind of avoided energy in the energy recovery. All the indicators, except GWP₁₀₀ under certain assumptions, are negative in sign, thus indicating a benefit for the environment thanks to the avoided impact associated with the production of material and energy during the waste management. The estimated order of magnitude of the CED and GWP₁₀₀ indicators turns out to be respectively thousands of MJ eq. and tens of kg CO₂ eq. per tonne of managed waste.     

半城市化地区家庭生活垃圾特征及低碳对策：以厦门市集美区为例

半城市化地区已成为城市化研究的热点,但其生活垃圾管理问题常被忽视.以典型半城市化地区——厦门市集美区为例,通过问卷调查与实地采样两种方法,分析不同住区家庭生活垃圾产生的特征,并通过生命周期分析法,对比混合填埋、混合堆肥、混合焚烧以及分类处理4种垃圾处理方案的温室气体排放,提出相应的垃圾管理对策.结果表明：半城市化地区可...     

铅元素人为循环环境释放物形态分析

环境中铅污染物来自于物质人为循环的环境释放,铅释放物的形态差异意味着其在环境介质中迁移和转化的起始状态不同.确定铅元素人为循环环境释放物的形态,可以为环境风险评估和源头管理提供科学依据.本研究通过追踪铅元素人为循环流动过程,应用物理化学分析方法,辨识生命周期各阶段环境释放物中铅元素的形态,并以2010年为例,定量分析中国铅元素人为循环中环境释放物的形态分布特征.结果表明,2010年中国铅人为循环中环境释放物主要形态表现为PbSO4,约占总量的23.4%;其次是PbO、Pb和PbCO3,共占总释放量的46.2%.国内每消费1 kt精铅,将向环境释放547.9 t的铅,这些环境释放物中73.3%来源于产品使用阶段和废物处置与回收阶段;从形态看,PbSO4占释放物的量为128.2 t,主要来源于生产阶段和废物处置与回收阶段,PbO、Pb和PbCO3则分别主要来源于废物处置与回收、产品使用和生产几个阶段.     

工业生态系统的工业共生原理探讨

提出了共生单元，共生模式、共生环境构成工业共生的3要素。介绍了工业共生的质参量兼容原理，共生能量生成原理、系统进化原理。阐述了工业共生模式的4种类型：共栖，互利型工业共生。寄生型工业共生，附生型（异生型）工业共生，混合型工业共生。分析了工业共生的优势。     

Economic evaluation of optional recycling processes for waste electronic home appliances

This paper presents an economic evaluation of three typical recycling processes for the five main types of waste electronic home appliances (EHA) (TV set, refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner and personal computer) in Beijing, the capital of China. The main purpose is to identify the formal management framework with economic feasibility for the waste EHA generated in large municipalities of China. It is found that the advanced technologies, which have mechanical processing units, should be introduced to recover more valuable materials from the waste appliances. Net revenues with a range of 90–240 RMB (Chinese currency unit, 1.0 USD ≈ 8.0 RMB) per unit, depend on the type of appliance, could be expected in case of using the most complicated procedures which can separate both metals and plastics from the shredded mixtures. However, the recycling of waste refrigerator and waste washing machine will, respectively, spend about 100 and 6 RMB per unit if solely by simple manual dismantling. Revenues from recycling of the other three types of appliances are positive but quite low in this case. Although positive revenues could be achieved from the isolated evaluation of recycling, the entire management system, which also covers the phases of collection and transportation, is economically infeasible if the waste appliances are bought from the households still at current prices. Based on a survey of the householder's attitude to the cost for waste EHA management, which was conducted earlier, the practical way to construct a formal management system for waste EHA in Beijing is to reduce the citizen's traditional expectation to the values of waste appliances and encourage their transfer to the formal collection system at lower prices.     

Diagnosis and proposals for waste management in industrial areas in the service sector: case study in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain)

Industrial parks play a significant role in the production and use of goods and services. However, this also means that the environmental problems of each company are concentrated in a relatively small area. One of these problems is solid waste disposal, which has become a critical issue because of its negative impacts as well as the resources consumed. Integrated solid waste management integrates cleaner and more sustainable production strategies by reducing resource consumption and applying mechanisms found in natural ecosystems to industrial systems. Nevertheless, one of the necessary conditions for the design of such a system is a preliminary study of waste generation management in the area. The study presented in this paper characterizes industrial waste production and management in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain), and analyzes its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A similar typology of industrial activities, mainly in the distribution and transportation sector, as well as the proximity of various industrial parks could facilitate their partnership in environmental management. The results obtained in our study point to significant weaknesses in the system, such as the lack of effective waste management tools and training for waste management personnel. Other weaknesses were, the low percentage of selective waste collection and the existence of unauthorized collectors. The paper concludes with specific proposals for waste collection. These recommendations include the creation of the following: (i) a community responsible for waste management; (ii) recycling points in industrial parks; (iii) energy recovery from the waste; (iv) a market to sell, buy, and/or exchange waste; (v) one authorized set of waste management agents that would provide the advantages of an economy of scale.     

Influences, practices and opportunities for environmental supply chain management in Nova Scotia SMEs

Executives are increasingly paying attention to the importance of supply chain management [Lambert DM, Cooper MC. Issues in supply chain management. Industrial Marketing Management 2000;29(1):65–83; Hagelaar GJLF, van der Vorst JGAJ. Environmental supply chain management: using life cycle assessment to structure supply chains. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2002;4:399–412]. The management of the supply chain can be a central aspect of a company's competitive advantage [Preuss L. Rhetoric and reality of corporate greening: a view from the supply chain management function. Business Strategy and the Environment 2005;14:123–139]. SCM also offers considerable opportunities to reduce a company's environmental impact. The supply chains of three small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the Burnside Industrial Park in Nova Scotia, Canada were investigated to explore the opportunities to improve environmental performance of SMEs linked in supply chains. This study confirmed that time and, to a lesser degree, financial resources to address solid waste and energy issues are the greatest limiting factors. Small suppliers, and even to a certain degree medium-sized enterprises, have difficulties in allocating resources to initiatives that are not viewed as directly related to their core function, namely manufacturing the product or providing the service. This study clearly demonstrated that opportunities exist to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and solid waste. Although, the benefits that would be gained from the implementation of any of the individual actions in the supply chains explored in this study are individually small, the cumulative benefits that could be achieved among supply chains and within industrial parks are substantial, given the number of small- and medium-sized enterprises.     

重庆市主要工业源VOCs组分排放清单及其臭氧生成潜势

基于"第二次全国污染源普查"基础信息和工业行业VOCs源成分谱,建立了重庆市2017年主要工业源VOCs组分清单,并估算其臭氧生成潜势(OFP),识别工业源VOCs重点管控物种及其来源.结果表明,重庆市2017年工业源VOCs排放总量及其OFP分别为144.12 kt和477.34 kt,汽车制造、装备制造、塑料制造和...     

The study of ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization process applied to the utilization of pyrolysis oil from waste tires

In recent years, the increasing world population and rapid industrial development has increased the consumption of fossil fuel-derived oils. In response to the resulting exhaustion of fossil fuel energy, many countries around the world are investigating methods of waste energy recovery and reuse, including oil recovery from the pyrolysis process of waste tires. This study investigates the efficiency of an ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) process in sulfur reduction from diesel oil and the pyrolysis oil from waste tires treatment. The results indicate that the oxidation efficiency increases as the doses of transition metal catalyst are increased. Longer sonication time also enhances the oxidation process, apparently through the biphasic transfer of oxidants, which results in a high yield of organic sulfur oxidation products. The best desulfurization efficiency was 99.7% (2.67 ppm sulfur remaining) and 89% (800 ppm sulfur remaining) for diesel and pyrolysis oils, respectively, via a process executed by two UAOD units connected in series and combined with solid adsorption using 30 g of Al₂O₃ in 6 cm columns. These batch experiment results demonstrate clean waste energy recovery and utilization, while fulfilling the requirements of Taiwan EPA environmental regulations (sulfur concentrations less than 5000 ppm).     

Using an optimization model to evaluate the economic benefits of industrial symbiosis in the forest industry

In this work, a model comprising a pulp mill, a sawmill, a district heating network and a biofuel upgrading plant is used to demonstrate how the MIND method, an optimization method based on mixed integer linear programming, can be used to evaluate industrial symbiosis in the forest industry. Using this method, both energy and material flows on both the supply and the demand side can be studied simultaneously. The method can be used to find improvements in the structure of the modelled system, to find the optimal operational strategy of a given system, and to evaluate and compare different systems. The total system costs for stand-alone cases and integrated industrial symbiosis system configuration are compared, generating results that can be used as decision support when planning industrial symbiosis initiatives in the forest industry. The results of this study showed that there are financial benefits to industrial symbiosis compared to the same system operated in stand-alone mode, and that the industrial symbiosis configuration generates a more stable system. However, it is difficult to generalize the results from a case study, and the main conclusion drawn is that it is possible to show that industrial symbiosis has economical benefits, although the magnitude of these benefits needs to be evaluated from case to case.     

Industrial symbiosis: the case for market coordination

Despite the fact that all successful, documented cases of industrial symbiosis to this day have been self-organizing, some authors and development officials have suggested that increased public planning might deliver better results in this respect than spontaneously evolved market coordination. This paper takes an historical approach to suggest that comprehensive planning is unlikely to live up to the expectations of its proponents.The essay is structured as follows. The first section provides short case studies of industrial symbiosis in highly different economic and institutional settings, the essentially free-market regime of Victorian England and communist Hungary (1948–1989). The available evidence suggests that market coordination proved much more favorable to the emergence of industrial symbiosis, despite the elaboration of a comprehensive policy to that effect in Hungary. Insights derived from the so-called “Austrian” critique of central planning are then used to explain this paradox. The analysis presented suggests that the Hungarian planners’ failure was not so much the result of the bad implementation of sound policies, but the logical outcome of a top-down approach’s shortcomings. Policy implications for the public planning of industrial symbiosis in a mixed economy are then derived and the case for self-organization is found more compelling. The creation of more innovative institutions that will force firms to “internalize their externalities” while leaving them the necessary freedom to innovate is viewed as an urgently needed and promising path towards increased, sustainable reuse of industrial by-products.     

水泥-电力行业的产业共生网络构建及区域案例研究

水泥工业作为工业生态系统的汇,能够多样化地利用其他行业的副产物,这种典型的产业共生模式可以通过减少资源和能源的消耗带来显著的CO₂减排效果.由于产业共生在水泥行业具有一定的普遍性及巨大的CO₂减排潜力,所以对水泥工业产业共生现状的了解与分析就显得尤为重要;而通过对产业共生现状的全面了解,才能对现有水泥行业产业共生的程度进行分析,并以此为参照,对未来不同政策与情景下的CO₂减排潜力进行量化与评估.为实现对产业共生实际情况的模拟,以水泥-电力行业的产业共生为例,采用最优化的方法,提出了一套基于一般统计数据来模拟产业共生实际情况的系统方法,将技术、经济与政策3类不同的决策变量影响纳入模型,以模拟出最接近真实情景的产业共生情况.为验证模型的有效性,对新乡市水泥-电力行业实际的产业共生情况进行分析.结果表明:新乡市水泥-电力行业间存在普遍的产业共生现象,实地调查中有77.8%（21家）的水泥制造企业利用粉煤灰作为水泥制造的原材料.将一般统计数据与实地调查数据对比发现,一般统计数据能较好地反映企业实际物质投入产出情况;利用一般统计数据,模型对新乡市产业共生网络结构模拟的准确率高达92.6%,显示该模型能较为有效地对产业共生的实际情况进行模拟.