阴阳离子有机絮凝剂对污泥脱水效果的研究

为研究阴阳离子有机絮凝剂对污泥的脱水效果,在不同条件下分别向污泥中投加聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(HCA)和聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)。结果表明:絮凝剂浓度、过滤时间、p H显著影响污泥的脱水性能;污泥脱水最佳的絮凝反应条件为絮凝剂投加量为30 mg/L,污泥p H为5,真空抽滤时间为4 min;投加HCA和APAM的污泥都能取得良好的脱水效果,但HCA污泥脱水效果优于APAM。另外,吸附架桥是离子型有机絮凝剂高效絮凝的主要机理,电中和起辅助作用。     

应用聚丙烯酰胺对市政污泥脱水性能影响的研究

简述了污泥调理方法和调理剂的分类,分析论述了污泥调理时应注意的各种影响因素;污泥调理剂应以脱水性能好、用量少、产生二次污染小为优选.通过对市政污泥进行絮凝过滤试验,研究三种类型聚丙烯酰胺对污泥脱水性能的影响.试验结果表明:当阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺投加率为0.03%时,污泥脱水性能最好,过滤水量达65.3 ml,抽滤泥饼含水率最小,为71.8%;阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺投加率为0.05%时,污泥脱水性能最好,过滤水量达66.1 ml,抽滤泥饼含水率为72.5%;非离子型聚丙烯酰胺投加率为0.06%时,污泥脱水性能最好,过滤水量达65.2 ml,抽滤泥饼含水率为74.1%.证明了对有机物含量高的市政污泥,宜选聚合度较高的阳离子型有机高分子调理剂,其消耗量少,调理效果好.     

农村剩余污泥脱水优化

对农村剩余污泥的脱水性能进行调查,并通过单因素和全面实验法分别对几种药剂的单一和复合调理进行优化。运用响应面法优化不同调理剂组合调理农村剩余污泥的搅拌参数。实验结果表明:不同农村污水处理设施剩余污泥的脱水性能存在较大差异。单一和复合药剂调理都可以明显降低污泥的脱水性能。优化搅拌速度和搅拌时间可以进一步降低污泥的毛细吸水时间（CST）。通过实验对比多种调理剂组合,发现最佳组合为聚合氯化铝（PAC）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）组合,搅拌参数为:一级搅拌速度为500 r/min,一级搅拌时间为0.5 min,二级搅拌速度为150 r/min,二级搅拌时间为10 min。该条件下,污泥的CST为10.1 s,调理总费用为10.69元/t污泥（98%含水率）。     

城市污水处理厂污泥脱水性能研究

分别对城市污水处理厂产生的浓缩污泥、初沉池污泥和浓缩污泥的混合污泥以及消化污泥进行了絮凝脱水试验,同时对聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、丙烯酸钠-丙烯酸酰胺共聚物、异丁烯酸-甲基丙烯酸共聚物和阳离子聚丙烯酸胺(PAM)的絮凝效果进行比较。结果表明,浓缩污泥所需要的絮凝剂最少,消化污泥所需要的絮凝剂最多,并且各种絮凝剂都存在着最佳投加量。以浓缩污泥为例进行经济分析结果表明,最佳絮凝剂为PAM,最佳投加量为2.45kg/t干泥。另外,对絮凝脱水的影响因素分析后发现,过滤压力、pH以及搅拌速度都对污泥脱水性能有很大影响,在实际应用中应通过实验进行优化选择。     

阳离子接枝型聚丙烯酰胺在污泥处理中的应用

介绍了硐离子型接枝型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂在城市污泥脱水中的应用及机理．并与其它絮凝剂作了对比．说明硐离子接枝聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝性能优于国产阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其它污泥脱水剂，与国外名牌产品相接近。     

造粒流化床技术在洗车废水回用处理中的实验研究

利用造粒流化床技术进行了洗车废水回用处理的实验研究.考察了投药量、污泥床对出水浊度的影响。实验结果表明,使用聚合氯化铝(PAC)为凝聚剂,投加量为45mg/L,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为絮凝剂,投加量为3mg/L,搅拌速度为60r/min,水流速度8m/h的条件下,出水浊度小于2度,COD_(Cr)为28mg/L_(?)达到生活杂用水水质标准的要求。该装置运行状态稳定、污泥含水率低,无需浓缩设备,能满足连续处理和间歇处理的需要。     

污泥预处理对微生物絮凝剂制备及性能的影响

试验研究了不同污泥预处理方法对微生物絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能的影响.结果表明,污泥经碱热预处理后释放的有机物质量最大,SCOD/TCOD可达到0.56.以碱热预处理污泥作为基质制备的微生物絮凝剂,其产量为2.3 g·L-1,高于热预处理的1.6 g·L-1,酸热预处理的0.6 g·L-1,以及未接种污泥絮凝剂的18 mg·L-1.采用响应面分析法对碱热预处理污泥制备的微生物絮凝剂与PAM复配改善污泥脱水的过程进行了优化,实验分别拟合了关于污泥比阻(SRF)和干污泥量(DS)的二次模型,决定系数(R2)分别为0.9057和0.9171,表明拟合情况良好.实验中最佳的污泥脱水条件为微生物絮凝剂投加量12.6 g·kg-1,PAM投加量1.0 g·kg-1,Ca Cl2投加量59.7 mg·L-1,p H值6.7,搅拌速度185r·min-1.在此条件下,DS和SRF分别为29.1%和2.2×1012m·kg-1,表明碱热预处理污泥制备的微生物絮凝剂与PAM的联合使用有助于改善污泥脱水性能.     

污泥压滤脱水条件的优化研究

采用压滤试验,研究了强压条件下剩余污泥的脱水性能及影响因素,确定了污泥压滤脱水的最佳操作条件。结果表明,随着压力的增加、压滤时间的延长和絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量的增加,所得净滤液量均明显增大。综合考虑脱水效果和经济因素,最佳压滤脱水的条件为:压力0.6MPa,压滤时间30min,聚丙烯酰胺的投加量2.5kg/t干泥。     

聚合氯化铝对污泥脱水性能研究

采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为化学调理剂,对浓缩池污泥进行调理.以污泥比阻为主要指标考察了投药量、调理剂浓度、pH值和搅拌强度对污泥过滤脱水性能的影响;同时,考察了污泥经过沉降后上清液的浊度变化.调理实验结果表明,PAC的适宜调理参数为:投加量25 mL,浓度6％,pH为7(未调节),快速搅拌速度130rpm,慢速搅拌速度50 rpm.污泥经PAC调理后,比阻降低到3.2×1014 m/kg.     

β-环糊精在活性污泥调理中的应用

以东北某城市污水处理厂产生的剩余活性污泥为研究对象,采用β-环糊精(β-CD)作为化学调理剂对污泥进行调理,以改善污泥的脱水性能。以污泥比阻(SRF)为主要指标考察了投药量、pH值和搅拌强度对污泥过滤脱水性能的影响,并比较了β-CD和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)两种调理剂的调理效果。实验结果表明:β-CD在温度为25℃,pH为7,混合阶段以150 r/min的速度快速搅拌1 min,反应阶段以50 r/min的速度慢速搅拌5 min,投加量为30.66 mg/g·干污泥时,对活性污泥的调理效果最佳,污泥比阻由5.92×10~(13)降至0.53×10~(13) m/kg。相同调理条件下,PAM或β-CD的投加量均为其各自的最佳投加量时,PAM的调理效果略优于β-CD。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.