经饮水亚慢性铝染毒对大鼠血铁及相关蛋白水平的影响

为了探讨慢性铝暴露对大鼠铁代谢的影响,将100只4周龄清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠随机均分成摄铝组(430mg·L-1,以Al3+计)与对照组(蒸馏水),饮水染铝,每隔30d处死染铝大鼠和对照大鼠各10只,实验周期为150d.同时,在不同时间点(30d、60d、90d、120d、150d)测量大鼠体重,并进行协方差分析.最后,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法、固相竞争ELISA和比色法检测血浆Al、Fe、转铁蛋白(TF)、可溶性转铁蛋白受体(sTfR)含量及总铁结合力(TIBC).结果表明,在摄铝前期(90d前),染铝对大鼠体重无显著影响,而后期(120d后)染铝对大鼠体重抑制作用较大.在实验周期内,各时间点间对照组血浆中各指标均无显著差异,摄铝组随着时间的延长各指标变化较大.各时间点摄铝组血浆中Al含量及Al/Fe均显著高于对照组(p0.01);30d时摄铝组血浆中Fe含量与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),60、90、120d时均显著低于对照组(p0.01),150d时显著高于对照组(p0.01);30、60d时摄铝组血浆TF含量与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),90d后显著高于对照组(p0.05;p0.01);30、60d时摄铝组TIBC与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),其后各时间点均显著高于对照组(p0.01);30d时摄铝组sTfR含量与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),其后各时间点均显著低于对照组(p0.01).由此可见,铝可干扰大鼠体内铁的代谢,影响铁的生物学作用.     

汞污染地区粮食对大鼠脑组织氧化损伤影响

应用典型汞矿和典型化工厂粮食对大鼠进行暴露,研究了大鼠脑组织中MAD、SOD、GSHPx以及脑汞含量的变化情况。结果表明,与对照组相比,经过7d暴露后,清镇组大鼠及万山组大鼠脑汞蓄积均出现显著性差异(清镇,p<0.05;万山,p<0.01)。生理生化指标结果表明,暴露3d后,清镇组脑组织GSHPx与对照组相比有显著差异(p<0.05);暴露7d后,万山组脑组织GSHPx及MDA与对照组相比有显著性差异(GSHPx,p<0.05;MDA,p<0.01),清镇组脑组织各指标与对照组相比均有显著性的差异(p<0.05),证明经7d暴露后,大鼠脑组织中已产生脂质过氧化损伤。进而表明上述两处典型汞污染地区汞污染极为严重,可能已经通过食物链严重影响到当地公众健康与安全。     

壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的生物标志物——尿液5-HT

为了探讨壬基酚和辛基酚对大鼠体内(5-HT)代谢的影响,为壬基酚和辛基酚暴露标志物的鉴定提供依据.选取健康雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠35只,随机分为对照组,壬基酚、辛基酚及其联合染毒低剂量组(50 mg·kg-1·d-1),壬基酚、辛基酚及其联合染毒高剂量组(150 mg·kg-1·d-1),每组5只,连续7d灌胃染毒,建立染毒动物模型.灌胃次日,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测各组大鼠尿液中5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量.结果表明,染毒组大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于正常对照组(p＜0.01);高剂量染毒组大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于其低剂量染毒组(p＜0.01);染毒第7天大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于其染毒第3天(p＜0 01)尿液中5-HT浓度随染毒剂量和染毒时间的增加而升高,有剂量-毒性效应和时间-毒性效应关系;尿液5-HT可作为评估壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的潜在生物标志物,应用于大规模人群暴露风险的监测.     

壬基酚对大鼠5-羟色胺分解代谢通路的影响

为探讨壬基酚对5-羟色胺(5-HT)代谢网络分解代谢通路的毒性作用机制,将24只SD雄性大鼠分为阴性对照组和壬基酚低、中、高剂量组[30,90,270mg/(kg·bw)],隔日玉米油灌胃染毒28d后检测大鼠血浆及肝匀浆中单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性和血浆中5-HT含量,并称量肝、肾和睾丸重量.结果显示,壬基酚暴露高剂量组大鼠体质量增量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);染毒至第3周起,各组大鼠平均食物利用率有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组相比,高剂量组肝脏、肾脏脏器系数均有统计学意义(P<0.01),中、高剂量组睾丸脏器系数均有统计学意义(P<0.05);中、高剂量组血浆MAO酶活性极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),中、高剂量组肝匀浆MAO酶活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05);中、高剂量组血浆5-HT含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01).壬基酚暴露剂量与大鼠体内MAO酶活性及5-HT水平均呈剂量-效应关系,壬基酚可通过分解代谢通路影响5-HT的代谢网络.     

环境汞污染暴露下大鼠肝中一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶的变化

为了探讨汞污染暴露对公众健康的潜在危害,采用清镇化工地区汞污染粮食对大鼠进行暴露试验,研究不同暴露时间节点处大鼠肝中一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的变化,并以市售上海粮食作对照.结果表明,利用汞污染的粮食对大鼠暴露7 d后,大鼠肝中NO含量及NOS活力出现显著升高(p＜0.05).7～30 d暴露与长时间暴露90 d情况相比,肝中NO含量相对稳定.对大鼠肝中汞、硒元素的分析表明,汞、硒元素含量间有相关关系(r=0.9426),表明硒元素对汞的毒性作用有一定影响.长期暴露90 d后,肝中NO含量出现急剧上升,与对照组相比上升200%.同时,体内脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量也出现显著升高(P＜0.05),表明长期暴露引起了机体的氧化损伤.     

钙和铅相互作用对鲫鱼毒性效应的影响

以鲫鱼为材料,研究了钙和铅相互作用对鲫鱼毒性效应的影响.试验分为5组,分别为空白对照Ⅰ组、单独染铅Ⅱ组(0.1 mg·L-1)及铅钙联合组(Ⅲ组:0.1 mg·L-1铅+2 mmol·L-1钙,Ⅳ组:0.1 mg·L-1铅+4 mmol·L-1钙,Ⅴ组:0.1 mg·L-1铅+6 mmol·L-1钙),处理35 d后,检测鲫鱼肌肉、鳃中铅含量,以及肝胰脏中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果表明,与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组鲫鱼肌肉、鳃中铅含量增高(p0.05),Ⅴ组鲫鱼肌肉中铅含量降低(p0.05),与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鲫鱼肌肉、鳃中铅含量降低(p0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组CAT活性降低(p0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组CAT活性升高(p0.05),与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅳ、Ⅴ组CAT活性升高(p0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组T-AOC活性降低(p0.05),与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组T-AOC活性增高(p0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组MDA含量升高(p0.05),与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组MDA含量降低(p0.05).由此可见,钙可竞争鲫鱼对铅的吸收,降低铅在其肌肉、鳃中的蓄积,提高鲫鱼肝胰脏的抗氧化能力,表明钙能降低铅的毒性效应.     

TBT染毒导致的大鼠脂质过氧化与DNA损伤

采用连续灌胃的方式对SD大鼠进行三丁基锡(TBT)染毒,剂量为0、0.1、1.0、和10.0 mg·kg-1,分别在暴露的第4d、8d处死动物,取肝脏检测丙二醛(MDA)含量,取外周血检测淋巴细胞DNA损伤.结果表明,TBT暴露第4d时,淋巴细胞尾长和尾相显著升高(p＜0.001),而各浓度组的MDA含量与对照组相比都没有显著性差异;第8d时MDA含量随TBT暴露浓度的升高呈上升的趋势,高浓度组(10.0 mg·kg-1)和对照组相比有显著性差异(p＜0.05),淋巴细胞尾长和尾相在各浓度组与对照组相比都有显著性升高,但高浓度组升高的趋势稍下降.研究结果提示TBT染毒对大鼠有脂质过氧化和DNA损伤作用.     

六溴环十二烷转甲状腺素蛋白结合活性及其发育期暴露的甲状腺激素干扰效应研究

为了探讨新型溴代阻燃剂六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)的潜在健康危害,采用体外研究与动物暴露实验相结合的方法,分析了HBCDs与转甲状腺素蛋白(TTR)的结合活性,以及不同剂量HBCDs暴露对发育期大鼠体内甲状腺激素水平的干扰作用.TTR竞争结合实验显示,HBCDs与125 I-T4竞争结合TTR的能力随溶液浓度的增加而升高,但即使在80μmol.L-1的高浓度下,125I-T4与TTR的结合率仍高达75.08%,表明HBCDs抑制甲状腺激素T4与转运蛋白结合的能力较弱.动物实验结果表明,新生3 d大鼠暴露于0.2 mg/kg及1 mg/kg剂量的HBCDs 21 d后,与对照组相比,暴露组大鼠血清中总三碘甲状腺原氨酸TT3、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸FT3的含量显著升高(p0.05、p0.05);总甲状腺激素TT4、游离甲状腺激素FT4含量下降约20%,促甲状腺激素水平上升30%～230%,但3个指标变化均不具统计学意义.结合体内实验及动物实验结果,HBCDs可能通过对甲状腺激素T3的协同或替代作用产生直接和间接的甲状腺干扰效应.低剂量的HBCDs暴露即可导致发育期大鼠甲状腺激素内稳态失衡,对HBCDs发育期暴露的毒性作用值得关注.     

碘代乙酸体外暴露诱导斑马鱼(Danio rerio)淋巴细胞内源性凋亡可能机理研究

以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为试验生物,经淋巴细胞体外暴露试验,从细胞内源性凋亡角度,研究了饮用水消毒副产物—碘代乙酸诱导斑马鱼淋巴细胞损伤的致毒机理.结果表明,在碘代乙酸的环境浓度1μg·L-1下暴露24、36、48和96 h后,细胞凋亡率从对照组的3.52%分别增加到15.89%、22.47%、40.76%和52.13%,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);线粒体膜电位分别较对照组下降了32.9%、50.1%、68.6%和81.5%,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);细胞色素C的相对释放量分别增加了0.85、1.37、1.86和2.66倍,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01).暴露36、48和96 h后,Caspase-3酶活性分别增加了0.49、0.86和1.43倍,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);Caspase-9酶活性分别增加了0.73、1.41和1.88倍,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);抑制凋亡Bcl-2基因的相对表达量分别下降27.0%、35.3%和52.3%,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);而促进凋亡的Bax基因相对表达量分别增加1.1、2.3和3.2倍,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01).碘代乙酸体外诱导斑马鱼淋巴细胞凋亡的可能机制是,线粒体膜电位的崩溃导致细胞色素C持续从线粒体中释放,进而引起细胞凋亡下游通路的变化;Bcl-2基因和Bax基因明显参与了对凋亡的调控.此外,Caspase-9酶的活化导致Caspase-3酶活化,最终引起细胞凋亡.     

苄基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚对斑马鱼中期毒性研究

该实验利用斑马鱼作为研究对象,分别暴露在暴过气的自来水中(对照组)和含苄基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚(polyoxyethylene benzylphenol ether,BP)浓度分别为2、1、0.5、0.25、0 mg/L水溶液(暴露组)中。暴露30 d后,将斑马鱼解剖收集肝脏,并分别对过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量进行测定,并观察斑马鱼肝脏和性腺病理变化。结果表明:不同浓度的BP处理30 d后,浓度为0.025、0.05和0.1 mg/L组斑马鱼的过氧化氢酶活性显著高于对照组(p0.05);浓度为0.025、0.05、0.1和0.2 mg/L组斑马鱼总谷胱甘肽(T-GSH)含量显著低于对照组(p0.05);浓度为0.2 mg/L组斑马鱼抗氧化能力显著低于对照组(p0.05);丙二醛(MDA)含量各浓度组差异不显著。浓度为0.2 mg/L组斑马鱼超氧化物歧化酶显著高于对照组(p0.05);1和2 mg/L浓度处理组对肝细胞受到较为严重的损伤。而1和2 mg/L浓度组斑马鱼卵细胞发育速度明显较对照组加快,出现了大量的发育到晚期的初级卵母细胞。结果显示不同浓度BP对斑马鱼的氧化系统有不同程度的胁迫作用,高浓度组对斑马鱼的肝脏系统损伤较为严重,而对性腺细胞有促生长作用。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.