Sludge concentration dynamic distribution and its impact on the performance of UNITANK

UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant （WWTP） of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.     

Experimental study on pressurized activated sludge process for high concentration pesticide wastewater

Pressurized biochemical process derived from traditional activated sludge processes is an innovative technology for wastewater treatment. The main advantage of the pressurized process is that the oxygen transfer barrier can be overcome by increasing the dissolved oxygen level. In this study, high concentration pesticide wastewater was treated by pressurized activated sludge process. It was found that the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased steadily with the increase of operating pressure, aeration time, and sludge concentration. When the operation pressure was 0.30 MPa and the aeration time was 6 hr, 85.0%–92.5% COD, corresponding to an effluent COD of 230–370 mg/L, was removed from an influent COD of 2500–5000 mg/L. The obtained outlet COD concentration was lower than 350–450 mg/L for the identical process operated under the atmospheric pressure. In addition, pressurized biochemical process could produce a higher COD volumetric loading rate at 5.8–7.6 kg COD/(m3·day), compared with 2.0–2.8 kg COD/(m3·day) using the same equipment at the atmospheric pressure. The COD concentration followed a modified Monod model with Vmax 2.31 day-1 and KS 487 mg/L.     

Phosphate adsorption performance of a novel filter substrate made from drinking water treatment residuals

Phosphate is one of the most predominant pollutants in natural waters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphate adsorption performance of a(NFS) made from drinking water treatment residuals. The adsorption of phosphate on the NFS fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic models. At p H 7.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.03 mg/g was achieved at 15°C corresponding to the wastewater temperature in cold months, and increased notably to 1.31 mg/g at 35°C.Under both acidic conditions(part of the adsorption sites was consumed) and basic conditions(negative charges formed on the surface of NFS, which led to a static repulsion of PO43-and HPO42-), the adsorption of phosphate was slightly inhibited. Further study showed that part of the adsorption sites could be recovered by 0.25 mol/L Na OH. The activation energy was calculated to be above 8.0 k J/mol, indicating that the adsorption of phosphate on NFS was probably a chemical process. Considering the strong phosphate adsorption capacity and recoverability, NFS showed great promise on enhancing phosphate removal from the secondary treated wastewater in the filtration process.     

Removal of phenol by activated carbons prepared from palm oil mill effluent sludge

The study was attempted to produce activated carbons from palm oil mill effluent （POME） sludge. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced was evaluated in aqueous solution of phenol. Two types of activation were followed, namely, thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800%, and physical activation at 150% （boiling treatment）. A control （raw POME sludge） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced. The results indicated that the activation temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity by the activated carbon （POME 800） in aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon of POME 800. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values ofpH （2--3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200--300 mg/L）, The equilibrium data were fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The adsorption of phenol onto the activated carbon POME 800 was studied in terms of pseudo-first and second order kinetics to predict the rate constant and equilibrium capacity with the effect of initial phenol concentrations. The rate of adsorption was found to be better correlation for the pseudo-second order kinetics compared to the first order kinetics.     

Immobilization study of biosorption of heavy metal ions onto activated sludge

Activated sludge was immobilized into Ca-alginate beads via entrapment, and biosorption of three heavy metal ions, copper(Ⅱ), zinc(Ⅱ), and chromimum(Ⅱ), from aqueous solution in the concentration range of 10-100 mg/L was studied by using both entrapped activated sludge and inactivated free biomass at pH≤5. A biphasic metal adsorption pattern was observed in all immobilized biomass experiments. The biosorption of metal ions by the biosorbents increased with the initial concentration increased in the medium. The adsorption rate of immobilized pre-treated activated sludge(PAS) was much lower than that of free PAS due to the increase in mass transfer resistance resulting from the polymeric matrix. Biosorption equilibrium of beads was established in about 20 h and the adsorbed heavy metal ions did not change further with time. No significant effect of temperature was observed in the test for free biomass while immobilized PAS appeared to be strong temperature dependent in the test range of 10 and 40℃.Besides, the content of activated sludge in the calcium alginate bead has an influence on the uptake of heavy metals. The sorption equilibrium was well modeled by Langmuir isotherm, implying monomolecular adsorption mechanism. Carboxyl group in cell wall played an important role in surface adsorption of heavy metal ions on PAS.     

Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water using magnetic ion exchange resin

The occurrence of antibiotics in the environment has recently raised serious concern regarding their potential threat to aquatic ecosystem and human health. In this study, the magnetic ion exchange(MIEX) resin was applied for removing three commonly-used antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole(SMX), tetracycline(TCN) and amoxicillin(AMX) from water.The results of batch experiments show that the maximum adsorption capacities on the MIEX resin for SMX, TCN and AMX were 789.32, 443.18 and 155.15 μg/m L at 25°C,respectively, which were 2–7 times that for the powdered activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics of antibiotics on the MIEX resin could be simulated by the pseudo-second-order model(R~2= 0.99), and the adsorption isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir model(R~2= 0.97). Solution p H exhibited a remarkable impact on the adsorption process and the absorbed concentrations of the tested antibiotics were obtained around the neutral p H.The MIEX resin could be easily regenerated by 2 mol/L Na Cl solution and maintained high adsorption removal for the tested antibiotics after regeneration. Anion exchange mechanism mainly controlled the adsorption of antibiotic and the formation of hydrogen binding between the antibiotic and resin can also result in the increase of adsorption capacity. The high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption rate and prominent reusability make the MIEX resin a potential adsorbent in the application for removing antibiotics from water.     

Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal

Activated carbon was prepared from cattail by H3PO4 activation. The effects influencing the surface area of the resulting activated carbon followed the sequence of activated temperature activated time impregnation ratio impregnation time. The optimum condition was found at an impregnation ratio of 2.5, an impregnation time of 9 hr, an activated temperature of 500°C, and an activated time of 80 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1279 m2/g and 5.585 nm, respectively. A heterogeneous structure in terms of both size and shape was highly developed and widely distributed on the carbon surface. Some groups containing oxygen and phosphorus were formed, and the carboxyl group was the major oxygen-containing functional group. An isotherm equilibrium study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 192.30 mg/g for Neutral Red and 196.08 mg/g for Malachite Green. Dye-exhausted carbon could be regenerated effectively by thermal treatment. The results indicated that cattail-derived activated carbon was a promising adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.     

Function of anaerobic portion in a conventional sequencing batch reactor

The performance of SBRs treating two kinds of wastewater(synthetic wastewater containing polyvinyl alcohol and effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system)was investigated in this study,in order to examine the exact function of anaerobic portion in a conventional SBR.The set up of 4-or 8-hour anaerobic mixing period in a SBR's cycle did not benefit for PVA degradation.While an anaerobic reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge could partly hydrolyse and acidify PVA into readily-degradable intermediates.During the anaerobic fill period of an SBR treating the effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system,the organic concentration was reduced to certain extent due to the adsorption of activated sludge and dilution of the mixed liquor from the previous cycle.Parts of readily-degradable organics in the influent were utilised by denitrifiers as carbon source.The biomass in a conventional SBR was alternatively imposed to aerobic and anaerobic conditions in its operating cycle,the environmental conditions needed for anaerobic hydrolization and acidification of refractory organics could not occur in such an SBR.     

Sorption behavior of tetracyclines on suspended organic matters originating from swine wastewater

Tetracyclines(TCs) discharged from livestock wastewater have aroused public concerns due to their pharmacological threats to ecosystems and human health. As an important medium in the wastewater, suspended organic matters(SOMs) play vital roles in antibiotics transport and degradation. However, limited information has been reported in the relevant literature. This study investigated TCs sorption behavior on SOM, withdrawn from swine wastewater. High TCs sorption capacities were detected, with the maximum values ranging from 0.337 to 0.679 mg/g. Increasing p H and temperature led to the decline of sorption capacity. Results from three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry revealed that amide and carboxyl groups were the main functional groups for TCs adsorption. The interactions between SOM and TCs were clarified as predominated by hydrogen-bonding and cation-exchange in acid conditions, and electrostatic repulsion in neutral or alkaline conditions. Adsorption kinetics modeling was conducted, and a satisfactory fitting was achieved with the Freundlich equation. These results indicated that the adsorption process was a rather complex process, involving a combination of cation-exchange and hydrogen-bonding. The results will provide a better understanding of the capability of SOM for TCs transport and abatement in the wastewater treatment process.     

养猪废水和污泥中11种兽用抗生素的同时分析技术及其在生物降解过程的应用

优化了固相萃取与高效液相色谱串联质谱联用的分析条件,使之适用于检测长三角地区养猪废水和污泥中常见的11种兽用抗生素(包括4种四环素类、2种磺胺类、3种喹诺酮类和2种大环内酯类).该分析方法对养猪废水的平均加标回收率(n=3)为73.0%~105.2%,相对标准偏差为3.1%~10.2%;对污泥的平均加标回收率(n=3)为57.4%~104.6%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~10.9%.研究膜生物反应器中抗生素的浓度变化,发现废水中抗生素以四环素类和磺胺类为主,而污泥中以四环素类为主.反应器对废水中四环素类抗生素的去除率为85.2%,其中最主要的去除途径是生物分解(51.9%),其次是污泥吸附(33.2%);而磺胺类抗生素去除率为95.8%,几乎全部是依靠生物分解,污泥吸附很少.摇瓶实验结果显示,污泥中积累的抗生素未对活性污泥的有机物降解活性和硝化活性产生明显影响.     

Optimized production of a novel bioflocculant M-C11 by Klebsiella sp. and its application in sludge dewatering

The optimized production of a novel bioflocculant M-C11 produced by Klebsiella sp. and its application in sludge dewatering were investigated. The optimal medium carbon source,nitrogen source, metal ion, initial pH and culture temperature for the bioflocculant production were glucose, NaNO3, MgSO4, and pH 7.0 and 25°C, respectively. A compositional analysis indicated that the purified M-C11 consisted of 91.2% sugar, 4.6% protein and 3.9% nucleic acids（m/m）. A Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl,methoxyl and amino groups. The microbial flocculant exhibited excellent pH and thermal stability in a kaolin suspension over a pH range of 4.0 to 8.0 and a temperature range of 20 to 60°C.The optimum bioflocculating activity was observed as 92.37% for 2.56 mL M-C11 and 0.37 g/L CaCl2 dosages using response surface methodology. The sludge resistance in filtration（SRF）decreased from 11.6 × 1012 to 4.7 × 1012m/kg, which indicated that the sludge dewaterability was remarkably enhanced by the bioflocculant conditioning. The sludge dewatering performance conditioned by M-C11 was more efficient than that of inorganic flocculating reagents,such as aluminum sulfate and polymeric aluminum chloride. The bioflocculant has advantages over traditional sludge conditioners due to its lower cost, benign biodegradability and negligible secondary pollution. In addition, the bioflocculant was favorably adapted to the specific sludge pH and salinity.     

胞外聚合物对活性污泥吸附去除全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的影响

采用活性污泥和去除胞外聚合物(EPS)污泥作为吸附剂,探讨污泥吸附PFOS的机制和EPS在吸附过程中的作用.结果表明,活性污泥和去除EPS污泥吸附PFOS均符合准二级动力学方程,平衡吸附量(q_e)分别为0.46 mg·g~(-1)和0.38 mg·g~(-1),化学吸附占主要作用.吸附等温线可以用Freundlich、Langmuir及Temkin方程拟合.Ca~(2+)和Cu~(2+)通过离子架桥作用促进PFOS在污泥上的吸附.活性污泥吸附去除PFOS的效果明显优于去除EPS后的污泥.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电发射光谱(XPS)分析吸附前后的污泥官能团变化,发现去除了EPS的污泥中羟基、羧基和氨基活性基团减少,而这些基团是PFOS吸附过程中参与反应的主要成分.由此可见污泥EPS中蛋白质含有的羧基和氨基活性基团为PFOS提供了吸附反应位点,EPS在吸附过程中起到至关重要的作用.     

废旧Zn-C电池-活性污泥炭的制备及对SO_2的吸附

以污水厂二次污泥为主要原料,掺杂不同量的废旧Zn-C电池电极材料,采用Zn Cl2活化法制备出废旧Zn-C电池-活性污泥炭,表征分析污泥炭样品的碘吸附值、BET、FT-IR、SEM-EDS和XRD,并进行了低浓度SO2气体动态吸附试验.试验结果表明,污泥与电池粉末质量比为3∶1时,污泥炭的碘吸附值和比表面积分别达到750.6 mg·g-1和708.5 m2·g-1,优于纯污泥炭;回归分析表明,污泥炭吸附低浓度SO2的速率可用班厄姆公式描述,吸附平衡表达式可用Freundlih方程、Langmuir等温方程式表达,而Freundlih方程拟和效果更好.     

改性污泥活性炭吸附废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的性能研究

以污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,1.0 mol/L KOH做活化改性剂,制备污泥活性炭,探讨不同条件下其对废水中Cr(VI)的吸附性能.结果表明,污泥活性炭对Cr(VI)吸附的最佳条件为:pH为2,温度为25℃,污泥活性炭投加量为5 g/L,吸附时间为40 min.此条件下,废水中Cr(VI)的去除率可达99%以上.动力学分析表明,污泥活性炭对Cr(VI)废水的吸附符合准二级动力学方程与Langmuir等温式.     

活性污泥对病毒的生物吸附特性

针对污水处理过程中可能存在的病原微生物对人体健康的风险,以f2噬菌体为模型病毒,采用静态吸附方法,研究病毒在活性污泥上的生物吸附特性及其影响因素,以期了解病毒在活性污泥处理系统中固液两相体系的分配规律.结果表明,活性污泥对病毒的吸附速率快,吸附量大,在120 min时即能达到吸附平衡,平衡吸附率高达96%以上,对病毒的去除效果较为理想;该吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温式,且吸附率随着病毒浓度的增加而呈现出下降趋势;另外,pH值、金属阳离子浓度及有机物浓度均可显著影响病毒在活性污泥上的吸附.     

好氧活性污泥对水相中Hg~(2+)的吸附特性

通过好氧活性污泥对Hg2+的静态吸附实验,及连续运行条件下,改变进水Hg2+浓度的吸附实验,研究了好氧活性污泥对污水中Hg2+的吸附特性,结果表明:好氧活性污泥对Hg2+的静态吸附集中在前8小时;好氧活性污泥对Hg2+的饱和吸附容量为0.35 mg/g;随着运行时间的增加,不同Hg2+浓度对比组中的活性污泥对Hg2+的去除率均有不同程度的下降;逐步提高进水Hg2+浓度,可以提高活性污泥对Hg2+的吸附能力:连续运行条件下,存在明显的生物吸附作用;在连续运行的过程中,5.73 mg/L的Hg2+对好氧活性污泥去除COD和氨氮的抑制作用不明显,但57.30 mg/L时对COD和氨氮的去除的影响较明显。     

Rapid detection of multiple class pharmaceuticals in both municipal wastewater and sludge with ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

This work described the development, optimization and validation of an analytical method for rapid detection of multiple-class pharmaceuticals in both municipal wastewater and sludge samples based on ultrasonic solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction, and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification. The results indicated that the developed method could effectively extract all the target pharmaceuticals （25） in a single process and analyze them within 24 min. The recoveries of the target pharmaceuticals were in the range of 69%-131% for wastewater and 54%-130% for sludge at different spiked concentration levels. The method quantification limits in wastewater and sludge ranged from 0.02 to 0.73 ng/L and from 0.02 to 1.00μg/kg, respectively. Subsequently, this method was validated and applied for residual pharma- ceutical analysis in a wastewater treatment plant located in Beijing, China. All the target pharmaceuticals were detected in the influent samples with concentrations varying from 0.09 ng/L （tiamulin） to 15.24 μg/L （caffeine）; meanwhile, up to 23 pharmaceuticals were detected in sludge samples with concentrations varying from 60 ng/kg （sulfamethizole） to 8.55 mg/kg （ofloxacin）. The developed method demonstrated its selectivity, sensitivity, and reliability for detecting multiple-class pharmaceuticals in complex matrices such as municipal wastewater and sludge.     

超声辐照-活性污泥联合处理焦化废水

选取昆明焦化制气厂的实际焦化废水为处理对象,用水质模型对超声辐照-活性污泥法处理焦化废水中有机物的降解进行了研究.实验结果表明,焦化废水初始浓度、曝气方式和声能密度对焦化废水中COD_Cr的降解效果影响显著.对初始浓度为807mg/L的实际焦化废水,选择空气作为曝气气体,向废水中曝气而不超声时,废水中COD_Cr降解率仅为4.5%;在声能强度为119.4kW/m²条件下,超声时其降解率可达65%;采用超声辐照-活性污泥法联合处理焦化废水COD_Cr,与单独采用活性污泥法相比,废水的COD_Cr降解率可由单独采用活性污泥法的45%提高至81%;经超声波预处理后的废水,加活性污泥后,其耗氧速率有明显的降低,说明经超声波预处理后的焦化废水对生物无毒性.     

污水生物处理中抗生素的去除机制及影响因素

环境中的抗生素污染日益严重,其诱导产生的抗生素抗性成为人类健康的重大威胁.通过对世界多地污水处理厂进、出水中抗生素浓度水平的文献调研汇总,发现当前的污水处理工艺不能实现抗生素的有效去除.吸附和生物降解是污水中抗生素的主要去除途径,因此本文深入地分析了吸附的作用机制和不同种类抗生素吸附程度的差异;从生物降解性能、降解菌和降解产物等方面分析抗生素在污水生物处理过程中的生物降解作用;分析讨论了水力停留时间、污泥停留时间、温度和工艺选型(传统活性污泥法、膜生物反应器和生物脱氮工艺)等污水生物处理工艺的运行条件对吸附和生物降解途径的影响,进而解析对抗生素去除效果的影响.菌群组成、生长基质供应情况和微污染物共存情况等因素对污水生物处理中抗生素迁移转化的影响需要更深入地研究.